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In my presentation I am going to review the present the state of law concerning research on animals in the European Union and Poland in particular. I am going to refer relate the status of implementation of the EU Directive 2010/63 in Poland and other EU. Next I will review the major changes in standards of the laboratory animal husbandry, process of ethical evaluation and control over scientific experiments that implementation of the new Directive 2010/63/UE of the European Union Council and European Parliament is going to impos. Lastly, I will compare numbers of animals used for animal research in various European countries, the spectrum of species used and the most problematic directions and objects of scientific research on animals from the point of view of the new Directive. In conclusion, I will try to describe the possible impact of the new Directive on animal research in Europe.
In my presentation I am going to review the present the state of law concerning research on animals in the European Union and Poland in particular. I am going to refer relate the status of implementation of the EU Directive 2010/63 in Poland and other EU. Next I will review the major changes in standards of the laboratory animal husbandry, process of ethical evaluation and control over scientific experiments that implementation of the new Directive 2010/63/UE of the European Union Council and European Parliament imposes. Lastly, I will compare numbers of animals used for animal research in various European countries, the spectrum of species used and the most problematic directions and objects of scientific research on animals from the point of view of the new Directive. In conclusion, I will try to describe the possible impact of the new Directive on animal research in Poland and Europe.
Last December the Nencki Institute celebrated its 90th anniversary. Among others, Prof. Barbara Kudrycka, Polish Minister of Science and Higher Education, Vice-Minister Prof. Jerzy Duszyński (former Director of the Nencki Institute), Prof. Michał Kleiber, President of the Polish Academy of Sciences and Prof. Maciej Nałęcz, Director of the UNESCO Department of Basic and Engineering Sciences (also former Director of the Nencki Institute) attended the jubilee.
Spontaneous locomotor activity of opossums and Wistar rats during a two-hour session in the open field has been recorded, assessed and behavior of individuals of the two species compared. Afterwards, groups of highly active (HA) and low active (LA) opossums and rats were selected on the basis of the distance traveled in the test. Differences between the selected groups were evaluated. Opossums were generally more active, moving faster and covering longer distance. They spent more time in the central part of the open field and traveled across the center more times than rats, therefore they showed also a lower level of anxiety. These data confirm our previous results indicating that opossums preferentially use the risky exploration strategy while rats mainly rely on the defensive behaviour. Opossums showed a higher variability of the volume of locomotor activity than rats. Comparison of the HA and LA groups of opossums and rats showed that in each species they differed on another principle: the level of anxiety in Wistar rats and level of locomotor activity in opossums. Therefore results of the open field test might measure different parameters in different species.
Professor Żernicki described himself as a “physician by education, physiologist by profession, but admirer of psychology and philosophy”. His most known and cited research concerned the pretrigeminal preparation. He proved that brain, isolated from the majority of sensory stimuli, preserves its basic behavioral functions and continues to learn. He studied also the perceptive and associative mechanisms of learning after deprivation of pattern vision at early developmental stages, elaborating the role of subcortical visual pathways in visual development. Professor Żernicki conducted research at the University of Pisa, University of Paris, Chilean University in Santiago, University of Rochester, and the University of Nice. He supervised NIMH grants for the Nencki Institute, hosted many foreign scientists, and organized several international conferences and meetings. Professor Żernicki was an author of more than 100 papers on central mechanisms of conditioning, isolated brain, physiology of the visual system and developmental neurophysiology. He also wrote four books in the Recent Discoveries of Science series, many chapters, textbooks and articles on policy in science. As a mentor in neuroscience he supervised 11 PhD theses. Most of his pupils continue research work in tenured positions in and outside the Institute. Several generations of neurophysiologists from the Nencki Institute were inspired by his scientifi c passion, talent for research and organization.
We observed the spontaneous behavior of a laboratory marsupial - the gray short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica) - in the elevated plus-maze (EPM) during six consecutive sessions and compared it with the behavior of Long-Evans rats. During the first exposure to the maze both species spent most of the time in the enclosed arms but opossums showed much higher frequency of entries into the open arms and stayed there longer. On the third and subsequent days opossums reduced their entries into the open arms and spent more time on the central square, where unlike rats they frequently groomed their lower belly and hind legs. During the last sessions they started spending more time in the enclosed arms. It is concluded that probably opossums, like rats show a stable anxiety evoked by open space. However, in the rat anxiety prevails over motivation to explore a new environment, while in the opossum it is initially at equilibrium with curiosity which habituates slower than in the rat. Results are discussed in the context of different ecology of the gray opossum that actively searches and hunts quickly moving insects. Thigmotaxic behavior, while strong in both species, dominates spontaneous behavior of the rat, but not opossum.
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