Background: Football matches may be entertaining, or may become events erupting with violence and releasing aggression. Unfortunately, incidents of hooligans’ disorderly conduct during matches and outside the stadium are more and more frequently considered to be prevailing and unavoidable elements in football games. Material/Methods: The study comprised a total of 60 football hooligans and 60 ordinary football fans, in which the hostility syndrome was assessed by means of the Scale of Interpersonal Stances (SIS). Results: The results of the survey regarding the style of social functioning in the groups of respondents showed a significant difference (p = 0.004) between them. The analysis of the hostility syndrome scores on the SIS (Tab. 2) revealed considerable divergences, and the 0.16 value of the rps index (football supporter vs. football hooligan) indicated low similarity of the created profiles. Conclusions: The hostility syndrome index was different in the group of ordinary supporters from that in football hooligans. High values of its components in the group of hooligans implied that their hostility was higher than normal, which could suggest their greater susceptibility to militant and antisocial stance than in the controls. The rebellious and suspicious style in social contacts was high and considerably higher in football hooligans than in ordinary supporters, which proved their long-lasting trend towards triggering off defensive and untrustworthy attitude to other people. Football hooligans possessed a high level of suspicion, significantly higher than in ordinary supporters, which resulted in their dominant antagonist and destructive stance towards others. During a match, the football hooligan preferred aggressive and sadistic, and cooperative and narcissistic styles in interpersonal relations, and manifested them with outbursts of extreme violence as well as with dramatically high superiority and exaggerated independence, as opposed to ordinary supporters who exhibited extremely low aggression and their superiority and independence did not differ from the norm.
The aim of the research was to diagnose chosen individual factors of adolescents’ physical development (motor skills, physical fitness, motor activity needs) and their influence on their actual level of physical activity in their leisure time. The subjects of the research were students of Cracow’s junior high schools. The probability sample of 295 girls and 329 boys were examined. The method used was a survey. The results of the examinations showed that the chosen individual factors had an influence on the actual level of physical activity in their leisure time. The boys’ motor skills (in contrast with the rest of the factors) correlated the least with the increase of the actual level of physical activity in leisure time, and in case of the girls, they did not correlate at all. Youngsters’ individual predispositions to undertake physical activity in their free time were at a medium-high level. Nevertheless, their internalization did not take place because more than a half of the subjects undertook physical activities at a low level (51.0%) or not at all (7.4%).
Speed climbing is the most dynamic discipline among all climbing sports. Previous studies have emphasized the combined strength and speed character of speed climbing (determined by high level of anaerobic power of the muscles). The main aim of this study was to evaluate the level of mechanical power of the muscles generated during specific climbing movements in competition speed climbing at the level of the final rounds of the IFSC World Cup. The material for the study was provided by the somatic data and scores obtained by six speed climbers who regularly participated in speed climbing events during the IFSC World Cup. The analyses were performed based on the results derived from the IFSC World Cup played on 7 to 8 May 2016 in Nankin, China. The findings of this study lead to the following conclusions: Development of the level of relative anaerobic power in speed climbers represents the basis for the training process. The Margaria–Kalamen formula is likely to represent a valuable tool for evaluation of the level of sport-specific power in speed climbing. One of the determinants of high sportspecific power in speed climbing is high level of technical skills. The values of sport-specific power parameters can be useful in recruitment of athletes in speed climbing.
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