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Direct observations of the behaviour of bank voles Clethrionomys glareolus (Schreber, 1780) and striped-field mice Apodemus agrarius (Pallas, 1771) were carried out in semi-natural conditions (enclosure). Intra- and interspecific behaviours in both voles and mice were similar. A quick escape of animals was observed as a result of the majority of meetings (ca 70%); fights among individuals were not frequent (usually about 10% of meetings). It seems that interactions among the two studied species have agonistic character, but none of them shows a visible domination over another. If competitive interactions among bank voles and striped-field mice take place, they have a character of exploitation; direct aggressive contacts are not the most important in competition.
Numerous authors indicate a significant role of chemical information (scent) left in the environment in communication between individuals in natural mammal populations. The basic functions of olfactory signals in small forest rodents are believed to include information related to reproduction: identification of sex, age, sexual status and social position of prospective sexual partners. It seems that scent-marking of movement routes thus creating a network of scent trails in the environment, channelling animal movements and making finding the way easier (particularly in case of long-distance movements) is another very important function of scent marking. Some examples of field experiments that confirmed the concept of scent trails are presented and discussed. However, some experiments suggest that besides the use of olfactory information animals have also other possibilities of finding the way in unknown space.
The experiment involved two stages: the first one consisted of studying the dynamics of long-distance movements and the characteristics of moving individuals in a free-living population of bank voles and the second one — of an analysis of paternity of young individuals born to females representing specific breeding colonies (basing on an analysis of six microsatellite fragments). The study has shown that both male and female bank voles are capable of covering long distances of up to almost 1 km. Males moved significantly more frequently than females. The proportion of travelling males was the highest in spring and the lowest in autumn. Almost all moving males were adult and they were sexually active. Almost all moving females were adult, however, the majority of them were sexually inactive. This indicates that the character and causes of long-distance movements of females and males differ. Female movements are supposed to be related to the search for living and breeding grounds by young, already adult individuals, driven out from their mothers’ territory. Multiple paternity occurred in 25% of all litters analysed. Young whose fathers were males from outside of their mother’s breeding colonies occurred in litters throughout the whole breeding season. They made up 59% of all young analysed and in the spring (June) all the young animals were born to fathers originating outside of the female’s breeding colony. The results obtained may confirm the hypothesis that long-distance movements of male bank voles constitute a part of their breeding strategy, involving them in searching for breeding partners over an extensive area.
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