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The presence of bacteria in the cosmetic production environment is often connected with non-sterile raw materials, inappropriate production lines disinfection or cross contamination. Among bacteria isolated from the environment, opportunistic pathogens can be also found, posing a risk to patients with lowered immunity. Moreover, their susceptibility to antibiotics and disinfectants is frequently decreased as they develop more complex forms - biofilms. As hydrophobicity and adhesive properties play a vital role in the colonization process the aim of this research was to determine hydrophobic, aggregative and adhesive properties of bacteria isolated from the cosmetics.Bacteria used in the research were isolated from the body balm and the cosmetic preservative (three strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and four strains of Pseudomonas cedrina) and identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. For those strains and also two reference strains (P. aeruginosa ATCC15442 and P. cedrina DSM17516) an aggregation test, hydrophobicity by two different methods (SAT and MATH) and adhesion to polystyrene by crystal violet binding assay were performed. According to the SAT method more than half of the tested strains were strongly hydrophobic. Using MATH test, it was proved that four strains (P. cedrina DSM17516 and three isolates of P. aeruginosa) were strong hydrophobes, however, the rest of the strains expressed moderate hydrophobicity. Moreover, self-aggregation was also observed and for P. aeruginosa CFII was more than 20%. All of the strains were able to adhere to polystyrene after 30 minutes contact, almost all of them (excluding P. cedrina DSM17516) indicated a moderate adhesion already after four hours of incubation. These results indicate that environmental Pseudomonas strains possess strong hydrophobic and adhesive properties, that may results in a colonization of abiotic surfaces.
The aim of the study was to investigate dynamics of transcriptomic changes in hippocampus during stress in correlation with behavioral and physiological symptoms of acute and chronic stress response. Male Swiss Webster mice were subjected to repeated social stress and decapitated after 1, 4, 8, and 13 days of repeated encounters with other male mice. There was also a group of mice subjected to 13 days of social stress and then left without stress for 5 days. Acute stress induced decrease in food intake and in body weight. Repeated stress induced thymic involution progressing with increasing duration of stress and significant increase in spleen weight, was observed after 13 days of stress. In mice subjected to stress and then left for 5 days for recovery the spleen weight did not differed from control mice and there was partial recovery of thymic weight. During the recovery period there was also increased food intake compared with control mice. Using microarray and quantitative real-time PCR technologies we found that social stress affected hippocampal transcription of genes involved in pathways of insulin secretion, intracellular signaling and cellular transport. Among them, during subsequent time points of social stress we observed progressive upregulation of Ttr gene coding transthyretin involved in amyloidosis, seizures, or dementia and prolactin receptor – Prlr, involved in anxiolyting effects at brain level. The results show that repeated stress provokes major changes in hippocampal physiological pathways. Effects of stress on expression of genes involved in insulin signalling and cellular transport indicate that stress may affect the CNS structure and produce the long-term and irreversible changes in the CNS functions.
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