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Biological role of liver X receptors

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Zioła, mieszanki ziołowe i ich ekstrakty są stosowane w żywieniu zwierząt ze względu na ich stabilizujące działanie na przemiany metaboliczne, trawienie a także immunomodulacyjność. Dodatki ziołowe są wykorzystywane w terapii i profilaktyce. Celem przeprowadzonych badań było określenie wpływu podawania z paszą dodatku mieszanki ziołowej (35 g·osobnik⁻¹) i alkoholowego ekstraktu ziołowego (5 ml·osobnik⁻¹) na wybrane wskaźniki krwi obwodowej knurów. Zarówno zastosowany ekstrakt alkoholowy, jak i mieszanka ziołowa wpłynęły stabilizująco na badane parametry.
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Ceramide is involved in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance in skeletal muscles of humans and rodents. However, there are conflicting reports in the literature on the effect of thiazolidinediones (a new class of insulin sensitizing drugs) on skeletal muscle ceramide content. Therefore, the aim of our study was to examine the effect of pioglitazone on the level of ceramide and its metabolites and on the activity of the key enzymes of ceramide metabolism in different skeletal muscle types of the rat. The experiments were carried out on rats fed either a standard chow or a high-fat diet for 21 days. Each group was divided into two subgroups: control and treated with pioglitazone for 14 days. High-fat diet increased the content of ceramide in the soleus and in the red section of the gastrocnemius, but not in the white section of the latter. The activity of neutral Mg2+-dependent sphingomyelinase and acid sphingomyelinase was simultaneously reduced in all examined muscles. Administration of pioglitazone decreased ceramide level in the soleus and in the red section of the gastrocnemius in rats fed either diet. This effect could not be attributed to decreased rate of ceramide formation from sphingomyelin or to its augmented deacylation to sphingosine. Pioglitazone treatment reduced the concentration of plasma free fatty acids in rats fed on either diet. Therefore, we conclude that the drug decreased the muscle content of ceramide by reducing its de novo synthesis. The results of our study indicate that reduction in ceramide level may be one of the mechanisms by which pioglitazone improves skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity.
Humans and animals come into contact with various compounds in their natural environment. Most of the encountered substances are neutral, yet some may carry adverse health effects. The ingested food may be a source of harmful substances, including benzoquinones which, as shown by research results cited in this paper, demonstrate toxic, carcinogenic and enterotoxic activity. This group of compounds is inclusive of 2-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone (MBQ) and 2-ethyl-1,4-benzoquinone (EBQ), defensive secretions of the confused flour beetle (Tribolium confusum J. du V) and the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum Herbst). Benzoquinones have a carcinogenic effect, they are inhibitors of growth of various microorganisms, they produce a self-defense mechanism in threat situations and affect population aggregation. As noted by the referenced authors, the properties of benzoquinones have not been fully researched to this date.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR) plays a crucial role in the transcriptional regulation of myocardial lipid metabolism. In vitro studies on isolated cardiomyocytes showed that PPAR activation induces expression of numerous genes involved in virtually all steps of fatty acid catabolism. However, there is very few data on the effect of PPAR activation on the content and composition of myocardial lipids in vivo. Therefore, our main aim was to examine effects of selective PPAR agonist WY-14643 on the content and fatty acid composition of major lipid classes in the heart of rats fed a standard chow (STD) or a high-fat diet (HFD). In STD rats WY-14643 paradoxically decreased palmitate oxidation rate in the heart, however, in HFD animals such effect was not observed. WY-14643 markedly reduced myocardial free fatty acid and diacylglycerol content in STD rats, whereas in HFD group the opposite effect was observed. These changes reflected alterations in plasma lipid concentration which suggests that effects of WY-14643 on the heart were indirect and secondary to changes in plasma lipid availability induced by the drug. Basal myocardial glucose uptake was not affected by PPAR agonist in either group, however, glycogen content in the heart was markedly increased. WY-14643 exerted profound influence on the fatty acid composition of myocardial phospholipids in both diet groups. These changes included increased percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids and replacement of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) by those from the n-6 family. This action of WY-14643 might be detrimental to the heart since n-3 PUFA possess cardioprotective and antiarrhythmic properties.
It was shown that high-fat feeding of mice with cardiac-specific overexpression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha but not wild type animals leads to the accumulation of ceramide (an important mediator of lipotoxicity) in the heart [Finck et al. 2003 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA]. To investigate the mechanism of this phenomenon we examined the effects of PPARalpha activation on ceramide metabolism in the myocardium. Male Wistar rats were fed either a standard chow or a high-fat diet. Each group was divided into two subgroups: control and treated with selective PPARalpha activator – WY-14643. In the rats fed on the standard diet WY-14643 did not affect the myocardial content of sphingomyelin and ceramide but reduced the content of sphinganine and sphingosine. It also inhibited the activity of neutral sphingomyelinase and increased the activity of acid sphingomyelinase, whereas the activity of ceramidases and serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) remained stable. High-fat diet itself did not affect the content of the examined sphingolipids. However, it reduced the activity of sphingomyelinases and ceramidases having no effect on the activity of SPT. Administration of WY-14643 to this group significantly increased the content of myocardial free palmitate, ceramide, sphingomyelin and the activity of SPT. Our results demonstrated that PPARalpha activation modulates myocardial ceramide metabolism and leads to the accumulation of ceramide in the heart of the high-fat fed rats due to its increased synthesis de novo.
The study was carried out on 20 gilts (Polish Landrace) selected for reproduction. They were 120-125 days old and their medium body weight was 62.2 kg. The animals were divided into 2 groups: K and D. Feed mixtures used in feeding group D contained 3% addition of fish oil. The colostrums of sows that received feed supplemented with fish oil had both a quantitatively and qualitatively higher fat content The MUFA content was 3.68% lower and PUFA content was 4.07% higher. The number of live-born piglets in the litter was 2.9 times higher. Fertility and milk productivity of the gilts also increased. The body mass of the litters on day 21 of life was higher and mortality decreased.
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