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Melatonina - hormon sezonowosci rozrodu u owiec

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Secretion of melatonin by the pineal gland is a biochemical signal which informs the organism about changes in the duration of day and night. The possibility to read this information determines the synchronization of the fertility period in animals at the time of the year typical for a given species. Melatonin binding sites were localized in different areas of the central nervous system and in the pars tuberalis of the pituitary gland. The use of micro-implants containing melatonin allowed to establish that the mediobasal hypothalamus is a site of melatonin action on sexual activity. Because in large mammals a melatonin receptors are absent from this area, it is supposed that regulation of the reproductive functions by melatonin takes place on the level of neurons which control LHRH release from the hypothalamus.
Thyroid hormones (THs) are obligatory for transition from breeding season to anestrus in sheep. In this process, THs act during a very limited time of the year and primarily within the brain. In ewes chronically equipped for sampling cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the third ventricle, we have characterized the concentrations of total and free thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and total reverse T3 (rT3) in the CSF during breeding season, anestrus and during a critical period required for transition to anestrus (December-March). The total T4, T3, rT3 and free T3 average concentrations (± SEM) in CSF were 1.5 ± 0.07 ng/ml, 14.5 ± 1.2 pg/ml, 43 ± 7.4 pg/ml, and 0.6 ± 0.05 pg/ml, respectively, and all were significantly lower (p < 0.001) than in blood plasma except free T4 (12.6 ± 1.1 pg/ml), which was similar to that in plasma. There was a seasonal trend (p < 0.05) in the concentration of total T3 (highest in December) and free T4 (highest in November) in the CSF that does not follow that in blood plasma. During the period of transition to anestrus the CSF total T3/TT4 molar ratio and free T3/ T4 ratio were significantly lower (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively) than in blood plasma, while the total rT3/T4 ratio was significantly higher (p < 0.01) at the end of this period (March). Additionally, the CSF total rT3 concentrations were also significantly correlated with the CSF total T4 levels (r = 0.57; p < 0.05). In conclusion, the CSF in sheep may serve as a considerable source of thyroid hormones for neuroendocrine events. The lack of significant changes in THs concentrations in the CSF during the period of transition to anestrus indicate that neither seasonal changes of THs circulating in the blood plasma nor THs circulating in the CSF actively drive the transition to anestrus.
The intracerebroventricular infusions of genistein (total 40 µg) were made in male sheep (November) to test its influence on melatonin, growth hormone (GH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion. The analysis of the results encompassed 3 similar periods: before the infusion (afternoon hours), the first (evening hours), and the second (night hours) halves of the treatment. The night plasma concentration of melatonin in genistein-infused rams was significantly lower than that noted during the respective period in vehicle-infused rams. Plasma GH concentration increased significantly in both vehicle- and genistein-infused rams during the night hours, as compared with the concentrations noted during the afternoon and evening, however, genistein significantly stimulated the amplitude of GH pulses in these latter. The LH concentration was significantly lower during the second part of genistein treatment, than in vehicle-infused rams. The frequency and amplitude of LH pulses clearly tended to decrease following genistein infusion. In conclusion, genistein, acting at the central nervous system level in sexually active rams is able to reduce the secretion of melatonin and LH and has also a slight stimulatory effect on the amplitude of GH pulses.
Phytoestrogens, plant-derived oestrogen-like compounds exert numerous effects on the reproductive functions of animals. The present study was designed to demonstrate if exogenous genistein infused during the breeding season into the third ventricle of the brain of ovariectomized (OVX) ewes could affect the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) release from the pituitary cells. Two year old OVX ewes (n=8) were infused with vehicle (control, n=3) or genistein (10 μg/100 μl/h, n=5) into the third ventricle. The infusions were done from 10.00 to 14.00 h and blood samples collection was performed this day from 8.00 up to 20.00 h and next day from 8.00 to 10.00 h. The animals were slaughtered thereafter. FSH cells in the adenohypophysis were localized by immunohistochemistry. Plasma FSH concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the number of immunoreactive (IR) FSH cells in the adenohypophysis and IR material stored in these cells increased in genistein-infused animals, microscopic observations were confirmed by statistical analysis (P<0.001). The concentrations of FSH was significantly lower 20 h after genistein infusions, as compared to the values noted in vehicle infused ewes (34.18±1.36 vs 40.62±2.69; P<0,05), respectively. The presented results demonstrated that genistein could affect the FSH release in the OVX ewes.
This review briefly summarizes recent findings on lactotrophs in the pituitary gland and extrapituitary tissues as a no homologous group cell types of different embryonic origin, morphology and biological function. They display a remarkable adaptation to altered physiological condition. Their functions are derived from structural polymorphism, local synthesis, divergent intracellular signaling pathways and target genes. Most of them are heterogenous with respect to basal hormone release, electrical activity and responsiveness to stimulatory/inhibitory factors, depending upon gender and physiological state of animal. The circulating prolactin (PRL) produced by many types of lactotrophs can act in edocrine/paracrine/autocrine manner, respectively as a hormone, growth factor, neurotransmitter or immunoregulator. At the cellular level PRL exerts mitogenic, morphogenic and secretory activity. Numerous factors of the central and peripheral origin are involved in the mechanism regulating PRL secretion, causing an increase or decrease of the hormone concentration in the circulation. The certain feedback mechanism keep the pituitary lactotrophs to be not overactive
The study was designed to identify the central pathways through which central interleukin-1β (IL-1β) affects gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release in anoestrous ewes. Our results show that intracerebroventricular (icv.) injection of IL-1β (50 µg) decreases the GnRH concentration in the perfusates collected from the medial basal hypothalamus/median eminence (MBH/ME), increases its type I receptor gene expression in the preoptic area, anterior hypothalamus (AHA) and medial basal hypothalamus, and significantly decreases the neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA level in the AHA and MBH. No effect of IL-1β treatment was found on plasma cortisol concentration, catecholamine (norepinephrine and dopamine) levels in perfusates, as well as cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene expression in the hypothalamus. Our data demonstrate that central IL-1β suppresses GnRH release mainly by acting directly through its own hypothalamic receptors, and its effect could be, at least partially, caused by changes in the NPY level, which is known as an important modulator of GnRH biosynthesis and release.
The present study tested a hypothesis, whether plant-derived genistein influences the secretion of growth hormone (GH) in ewes, acting directly within the central nervous system (CNS). Starting six weeks after ovariectomy, ewes were infused intracerebroventricularly with genistein (n=5) or 17β-estradiol (n=5), both in a total dose of 40 μg/400 μl/4 h, or with a vehicle (control, n=5). All infusions were performed from 10:00 am to 2:00 pm and blood samples were collected from 8:00 am to 8:00 pm at 10-min intervals. Five genistein- and three vehicle-infused ewes were slaughtered the following morning. The plasma GH concentration was assayed by the radioimmunoassay method, and immunoreactivity of GH in the adenohypophysis was determined by immunohistochemistry. In genistein-infused ewes, mean plasma GH concentration was significantly higher during the whole period of infusion than the concomitant concentration in vehicle-infused ewes. However, examining data within group, GH secretion rose gradually, reaching a significant value during the second phase of genistein infusion. In 17β-estradiol-infused animals, a significant increase in GH concentration was noted during the first two hours of the infusion, in comparison with vehicle-infused and also in comparison with genistein-infused ewes. Although a gradual increase in basic GH secretion continued in all treated groups during the afternoon and evening, mean plasma GH concentrations in genistein- and 17β-estradiol-infused ewes were still significantly higher than in the vehicle-infused. The percentage of GH-positive cells in the adenohypophysis and the density of immunoreactive material in these cells decreased significantly in genistein-infused ewes, compared to the control, indicating diminished hormone storage. In conclusion, genistein as 17β-estradiol, is an effective stimulator of GH secretion in ewes and may exert its effect at the level of the CNS.
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