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Background. In many European countries a trend to eliminate milk and dairy products from everyday diet may be observed with increasing frequency. Elimination of milk and dairy products from the diet is connected with a reduced supply of calcium required for normal growth and development in children and adolescents Material and methods. The aim of the study was to assess calcium intake related with the consumption of milk and dairy products by children and adolescents aged 10-18 years in Europe, particularly Poland. Respondents came from families of a good socioeconomic position, were aware of principles of rational nutrition and could freely consume dairy products. Results. Based on conducted investigations it was found that calcium intake by respondents in Poland was 297.2 mg/day, at a European mean of 493.6 mg/day (575.2 mg/day/person S, 411.9 mg/day/person $). Calcium supply in individual countries is not correlated with the amount of consumed milk and dairy products. The biggest amounts of milk and dairy products are consumed by children and adolescents in Croatia (1396.2 g day/person), while the lowest in Germany (378.5 g/day/person). In Poland the consumption of milk and dairy products is 413.5 g/day/person. Conclusions. Conducted investigations showed a very low calcium intake in examined children and adolescents aged 10-18 years. These levels are too low, as they account for 38% daily calcium allowance recommended by WHO/FAO for this age group, amounting to 1300 mg/day/person.
The efficiency of bioluminescence applied to monitor the state of hygiene in a dairy processing plant was assessed in relation to the results of conventional microbiological methods. The used blotting tests were Envirocheck Contact DC with Agar CASO medium with added neutralizers. The analysed object was the surface of a beam stirrer in a fermentation tank. Swabs were collected following tank washing and disinfection after the completion of 15 production cycles. A high degree of correlation r = 0.91 was obtained at the reliability of comparison β = 0.906. The analysis of probability of distribution confirmed the feasibility of bioluminescence. Boundary values (112 and 171 RLU) were determined for bioluminescence for three object cleanliness ranges, based on microbial counts (cfu/cm2). Over 13% surfaces were classified as conditionally clean (Alert).
The aim of the study was to evaluate the usefulness of bioluminescence in the determination of cleanliness of steel surfaces characterised by different roughness (0.6 and 0.8 µ.m). The applicability of the method was assessed based on correlations between the number of relative light units (RLU) measured with a luminometer and microbial counts determined by the conventional microbiological method (cfu/cm²). The higher the roughness of surface was the higher was the microbiological contamination measured by these methods. Microbial counts classifying an examined surface as clean, acceptably clean and unacceptable clean were the basis for predictions of RLU ranges. High levels of proportional correlation were obtained for these methods.
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