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Apigenin (4',5,7-trixydroxyflavone) is a member of the family of plant flavonoids considered to prevent a number of human diseases, for instance cancer development. It displays a lot of activities and part of its beneficial effects could come from its affinity to the cellular membranes. In the present study we used the liverwort Conocephalum conicum, a model plant in electrophysiological study. Intracellular microelectrode measurements were carried out to examine the effects of apigenin alone and in combination with verapamil on the resting and action potentials. The application of apigenin caused an increase of action potential amplitudes. An increase even by 110–131% with respect to the control was observed. Little increase was also found in the membrane potentials in apigenin treated plants. Verapamil, the known calcium channel inhibitor, caused gradual decline of AP amplitudes. When apigenin was used simultaneously with verapamil, still high APs were observed. Duration of action potentials amplitudes measuerd at a half of the amplitude decreased in either apigenin or apigenin and verapamil treated plants to 56–62% of the control. It is concluded that apigenin strongly affects the membranes and prevents inhibitory effect of verapamil probably interacting with calcium channel protein.
Apigenin, quercetin and genistein are members of the family of plant flavonoids suspected to prevent a number of human diseases, for instance cancer development. They display a number of activities, and part of their beneficial effects may be due to their affinity to cellular membranes. In this study, we used Conocephalum conicum, a well-elaborated model of liverworts. Intracellular microelectrode measurements were carried out to examine the effects of flavonoids in combination with neomycin on the resting and action potentials. Neomycin triggered gradual decline of action potential amplitudes through a membrane potential decrease (membrane potential became less negative) and a decrease of the action potential peak value. Additionally, duration of action potential amplitudes measured at half of the amplitude increased in neomycintreated plants. However, the simultaneous use of quercetin or genistein (but not apigenin) with neomycin hindered neomycin-specific actions. Hence, the membrane resting potential and action potential amplitudes regained neomycin-free values. It may be concluded that application of at least some flavonoids (namely quercetin and genistein) exerts strong influence on electrical membrane responses in C. conicum.
Immunogold labelling revealed the presence of lipoxygenase (LOX) in different parts and types of anther cells of Gagea lutea. LOX was found in the cytoplasm and close to ER elements in epidermal and endothecial cells, and close to the cell walls of the latter. The positive immunoreaction to LOX was less intense in the middle layers and the loculus of the anther, where single immunogold particles were concentrated at the cell walls of these layers and in the protoplast masses, in vacuoles, close to mitochondria, inside plastids, and in the liquid of the anther cavity. LOX occurred in the cytoplasm and around ER elements of pollen grains as well as in the exine layer, particularly in contact regions between the outer and inner exine layers. The correlations between LOX localization in different anther cells and the functioning of particular anther parts are discussed.
Lipoxygenase was localized in the primary leaves of Phaseolus coccineus (L.), seedlings treated with 25 µM Cd and in control plants using the immunogold method. The enzyme was localized mainly in the peripheral parts of protoplast of control plant cells. It was found in the cell wall, along the ER elements, at plastid lamellae and inside the mitochondria. In Cd-treated seedlings the elements of parenchyma cells showed an atypical inner structure. The immunolabelling of LOX was less intensive in comparison with control. The enzyme was found in the cytoplasm, at the cell wall area, vacuoles and in the plastid stroma as single gold particles. LOX activity optima were determined at pH 7.0 and 8.0 for both linoleic and linolenic acid used as substrates. After 2 days of seedlings exposure to Cd the activity of LOX decreased at pH 7.0 and 8.0 when linoleic acid was used as substrate, and strongly declined at pH 7.0 after 4 days of the metal treatment. When linolenic acid was the substrate LOX activity slightly increased after 2 days of the plants exposure to Cd, but after 4 days it rapidly decreased at pH 7.0. The changes in LOX activity are discussed.
In the research effects of bergapten (5-MOP) and peucedanin, furanocoumarins isolated from fruits of Peucedanum tauricum Bieb. (Apiaceae), on apoptosis, necrosis and heat-shock proteins Hsp 27 and Hsp 72 expression in human carcinoma cells HeLa B (ECACC No 85060701) were preliminary studied. The purity of analysed compounds was confirmed by RP HPLC, EI-MS and 1D, 2D NMR. For apoptosis and necrosis detection the mixture of Hoechst 33342 and propidium iodide (PI) was used. Early apoptosis was detected using Annexin V Test. Cells were incubated with furanocoumarins at the concentrations of 1, 5, 10 and 15 μg/ml. The level of heat-shock protein expression was determined by Western blot technique. Quantitative analysis of Hsp 27 and Hsp 72 was done with the Bio-Profil Bio-1D Windows Application V.99.03 program. The obtained results were analysed for significance by one-way ANOVA test. As a result of our experiments we found that peucedanin was more effective in apoptosis induction than bergapten. In HeLa cells treated with peucedanin only low necrosis was observed. The incubation with 15 μg/ml of peucedanin for 24 hours inhibited Hsp 72 expression in cells by 77.5% (± 0.05), and Hsp 27 by 74.0% (± 0.02) after five hours of treatment as compared to the control. The inhibition of Hsps expression after peucedanin treatment may be responsible for increased apoptosis induction (11 .4%) detected by Annexine V test. Incubation with furanocoumarins has an influence on morphology of HeLa cells (many cytoplasmic protrudings and bulges of “blebbing” cytoplasm were observed).
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