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A total of 244 domestic pigeons (Columba livia var. domestica) were genotyped using the PCR-RFLP method. A 999 bp fragment of the MTCYB gene was amplified. The amplification products were digested with restriction enzymes. PCR-RFLP for Mval restriction enzyme was observed. Frequencies of alleles were as follows: MTCYBC-0.926, MTCYBG- 0.074. The frequencies of MTCYB/Mval alleles found in this study for non-homing pigeons considerably deviate from the values found for homing/racing pigeons (allele MTCYBG occurred only in the non-homing breeds).
A broad analysis of organisms is possible using molecular DNA as a marker. Mitochondrial genome and genes present in mtDNA, e.g. cytochrome b gene, are widely used in investigations and the significance of this research is becoming increasing. This gene is coded by heavy (H) strand of mtDNA. Cytochrome b is one of 11 subunits composed of bc1 complex of respiratory chain of mitochondria, the sequence of which is written down in the mitochondrial genome. Cytochrome b gene traits are a slow rate of variations during evolution, the presence of some parts of the gene that are more conserved and those which show high divergence rates. Those traits make the cytochrome b gene useful as a marker in many analyses. The cytochrome b gene is used as a tool in such studies as: legal and veterinary medicine, palaeontology, as well as phylogenetics, and it can attain the status of a universal metric.
Presented research investigates the possibility of applying the newest, free available satellite images Sentinel−2 for the automation of land use/cover (LULC) mapping in reclaimed areas, mainly in the aspect of monitoring forested areas. The study was performed for the former sulphur mines: ‘Machów’ (871.7 ha of the dump area after the opencast strip mine) and ‘Jeziórko’ (216.5 ha of the afforested area after the borehole exploitation). These areas are characterized by a diverse terrain structure and vegetation cover as the result of reclamation. The applied directions of reclamation were agro−forestry for the Sulphur Mine ‘Machów’ and forestry for the Sulphur Mine ‘Jeziórko’. We verified whether processing of Sentinel−2 data allows for reliable LULC classification – mainly identification forested areas in relation to the LULC mapping prepared by manual vectorization of orthophotomaps. Obtained classification results for Sentinel−2 data were also compared to the results of Landsat 8 images processing. The results of Sentinel−2 images classification showed correct graphical representation of the LULC classes, especially forested areas, in the relation to the results of applied on−screen vectorization of aerial orthophotomaps – better than results of the Landsat 8 images processing. The area of the mail class ‘Forests’ as a result of classification Sentinel−2 and Landsat 8 images compared to the results of manual on−screen vectorization of the orthophomaps shows differences: 5.4% – Sentinel−2, 12.8% – Landsat 8 for Sulphur Mine ‘Machów’ and 1.8% – Sentinel−2, 8.8% – Landsat 8 for Sulphur Mine ‘Jeziórko’. Research indicates the possibility of automation of LULC classification using Sentinel−2 images. It could be very useful for LULC changes monitoring in reclaimed areas, mainly in the aspect of forested areas mapping as a result of way of reclamation.
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