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This study describes the topography, borders and divisions of the globus pallidus in the Brazilian short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica) and distribution of the three calcium binding proteins, parvalbumin (PV), calbindin D-28k (CB) and calretinin (CR) in that nucleus. The globus pallidus of the opossum consists of medial and lateral parts that are visible with Nissl or Timm’s staining and also in PV and CR immunostained sections. Neurons of the globus pallidus expressing these proteins were classified into three types on the basis of size and shape of their soma and dendritic tree. Type 1 neurons had medium-sized fusiform soma with dendrites sprouting from the opposite poles. Neurons of the type 2 had medium-to-large, multipolar soma with scarce, thin dendrites. Cell bodies of type 3 neurons were small and either ovoid or round. Immunostaining showed that the most numerous were neurons expressing PV that belonged to all three types. Density of the PV-immunopositive fibers and puncta correlated with the density of the PV-labeled neurons. Labeling for CB resulted mainly in the light staining of neuropil in both parts of the nucleus, while the CB-expressing cells (mainly of the type 2) were scarce and placed only along the border of the globus pallidus and putamen. Staining for calretinin resulted in labeling almost exclusively the immunoreactive puncta and fibers that were distributed with medium-to-high density throughout the nucleus. Close to the border of globus pallidus with the putamen these fibers (probably dendrites) were long, thin and varicous, while more medially bundles of thick, short and smooth fibers predominated. Single CR-ir neurons (all of the type 3) were scattered through the globus pallidus. Colocalization of two calcium binding proteins in one neuron was never observed. The CB-ir puncta (probably terminals of axons projecting to the nucleus) frequently formed basket-like structures around the PV-ir neurons. Therefore, the globus pallidus in the opossum, much as that in the rat, consists of a heterogeneous population of neurons, probably playing diversified functions.
To understand the organization of inhibitory circuitries in the striatum of the opossum, the distribution of parvalbumin (PV), calretinin (CR) and calbindin (CB) was investigated within the nucleus accumbens (Acc), caudate nucleus (Cd) and putamen (Pu). Brains from six adult opossum (both sexes) were stained for PV, CR and CB and analyzed using fl uorescent or confocal microscopy. Within neurons immunostained for each calcium-binding protein four major types of neurons were distinguished. Type 1 – small ovoid or roundish somata with three to fi ve thin dendrites of approximately equal thickness; type 2 – medium-to-large-sized multipolar neurons with dendrites of variable thickness; type 3 – fusiform neurons of variable size emanating dendrites from the opposite poles of the somata; type 4 – pyramidal neurons. Moderate-to-high density of CB immunoreactive (-ir) neurons was observed in the Cd and Pu, but staining in the Acc was lighter. Light density of PV-ir neurons was present in the Cd, Pu and Acc, but PV-immunoreactivity of neuropil was high. Only single CR-ir neurons were scattered through the all studied structures, but the immunostaning of neuropil was much higher. Our data provide baseline information for comparisons of distribution of calcium binding proteins in different species, including rat, monkey and human.
A comparative quantitative study of the somatosensory thalamocortical connections in the rat and rabbit, labeled with the fluorescent retrograde tracer FluoroGold (FG), was conducted by means of unbiased stereology. FG was injected into the primary somatosensory cortex of the rat and rabbit in different age groups from P0 to P180 (P-postnatal day). The numerical density of retrogradely labeled the ventroposterolateral (VPL) projection neurons was analyzed. A significant decrease in this parameter was observed during the first two weeks of postnatal life in both studied species. Changes of the neuropil volume and selective elimination of early cortical connections stemming from the VPL may possibly cause this process. A withdrawal of axon collaterals from the expanded cortical sites as well as apoptosis (existing both in the VPL and parietal cortex) contribute to a decrease in the numerical density. Our observations allow us to conclude that the thalamocortical somatosensory connections established before the birth undergo significant quantitative changes in both studied species during the first two weeks of postnatal life and this period seems to be crucial for maturation of the thalamocortical loop.
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