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In an orchard farm with stud horses the number of sick horses increased. In adult horses an increased percentage of obstipation, transient lameness, sterility of mares and asymptomatic abortions at the 3rd month of gestation was observed. In colts at the age of 6 months 1.5 years tendon contractions, edema of carpal and tarsal joints, stiffness, loss of appetite and deformation of attitude often were noted. Fracture of femural bones, ribs and cervical part of vertebral column were associated with most of the breakdowns. Hematological and biochemical parameters of blood were normal. An analysis of fodder revealed deficiency of Ca, Zn and Cu. A supplementation of fodder with these minerals did not improved the state of the horses health which suggested a blockade of absorption of these elements from the alimentary tract. It appeared that oat used as fodder was harvested from interlines in an orchard in which herbicides had been intensively applied for 15 years. After 3 months since the removal of this oat from fodder a remarkable improvement in the state of horses health was noted.
The aim of this study was to test the effect of auxin treatment on selected parameters of the redox metabolism in roots. We found that auxin application results in a reduction in the H₂O₂ level in roots. The hormone stimulated CuZn-superoxide dismutase, but simultaneously increased the activities of catalase, cell wall bound ferulic acid peroxidase, and soluble peroxidase izoenzymes. The analysis of the expression of genes coding for the cytosolic izoform of CuZn-superoxide dismutase, catalase, and cell wall associated peroxidase (TPX 1) involved in cell wall stiffening and lignification revealed the stimulatory effect of exogenous auxin on the expression of the aforementioned genes. The enzyme activity and gene expression in the roots of control and auxin-treated plants were studied in daily intervals, during a 3-day-long growth cycle. The stimulatory effect of auxin on the enzymatic activity was transient with the highest stimulation observed on the second day of treatment. On the third day, the activities of the enzymes decreased. The maximal enzyme activities were preceded by a rise in gene expression. The increase in the level of CuZn-superoxide dismutase and catalase transcripts were detected after 1 day of auxin treatment. Then the expression of the aforementioned genes decreased. The period of auxin-dependent stimulation of the TPX 1 gene expression encompassed the first and the second day of treatment. Auxin stimulated CuZnsuperoxide dismutase and catalase activities only in the distal zone of the root while peroxidase activity was increased by auxin in the distal as well as in the proximal parts of the organ.
INTRODUCTION: Neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) are specialized synapses formed between the motor neurons and skeletal muscles. The proper functioning of the NMJ is important for activities involving muscle contraction including breathing. Liprin‑α‑1 was previously identified in a biochemical screen as an interactor of α‑dystrobrevin‑1, a component of dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex (DGC) responsible for the attachment of the postsynaptic machinery to the extracellular matrix. Liprin‑α‑1 has been shown to be an organizer of synapses in the central nervous system and our study presents an insight into the localization and function of this protein at the vertebrate NMJ. AIM(S): To unravel the localization and function of liprin‑α‑1 at the vertebrate NMJ. METHOD(S): We employed immunohistochemical, siRNA-mediated RNAi techniques and confocal microscopy techniques. RESULTS: We show that liprin‑α‑1 localizes to the postsynaptic site of NMJ in a nerve-dependent manner, and its localization is maintained throughout postnatal development. Liprin‑α‑1 plays a crucial role in the formation of the postsynaptic machinery since liprin‑α‑1 depleted myotubes failed to cluster postsynaptic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs). We provide evidence that liprin‑α‑1 plays a role in the attachment of microtubule ends to the cell cortex, where they stabilize the postsynaptic machinery and promote clustering of AChRs. Consistently with this observation abrupt disruption of microtubules with in cultured myotubes did not affected preexisting AChR clusters, but abolished formation of the new assemblies. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that Liprin‑α‑1 is important component of the postsynaptic machinery involved in AChR clustering. FINANCIAL SUPPORT: This research was supported by the NCN grants 2012/05/E/NZ3/00487, 2015/19/N/ NZ5/02268, 2014/13/B/NZ3/00909, and 2013/09/B/ NZ3/03524.
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