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The aim of the study was to measure concentrations of selected essential elements (Zn, Cu, Se) in renal cortex and neoplastic tissue as well as their excretion in urine in subjects with diagnosed renal neoplasm. The study was performed in three groups: the investigated group (subjects with diagnosed renal neoplasm, who underwent single nephrectomy), the control group in vivo (healthy subjects), the control group post mortem (dead subjects). The levels of the tested elements in renal cortex in subjects with renal neoplasm did not differ basically from the levels observed in the control group post mortem, however they were significantly higher in renal cortex than in neoplastic tissue. This is particularly related to Zn, which is known to cumulate in renal cortex. In subjects with renal neoplasm increased excretion in urine of nearly all the tested elements was observed before nephrectomy. This phenomenon is most pronounced for whole protein and copper.
The present study aimed at detection of P53 gene mutations in cells of urinary bladder neoplasms, as the mutations may be regarded as an independent prognostic factor for progression and recurrence of tumours. In the study, 82 patients with clinically diagnosed urinary bladder tumour were included. The control was composed of DNA samples from urine and blood of 202 healthy patients. Exons 5-8 of the P53 gene were screened for mutations by using multitemperature single-strand conformational polymorphism (MSSCP) analysis. Samples with abnormal MSSCP patterns were subjected to direct sequencing. The frequency of mutations in exons 5-8 of the P53 gene in patients with bladder cancer was lower (3.3% in grade G1,24% in G2, and 39% in G3) than the data reported in the literature. We found a higher percentage of polymorphism at codon 213 of the P53 gene in bladder cancer patients (6%), compared with the values in the reference group (2.5%). These results were matched with those of the loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis. In conclusion, mutations were found mainly in more advanced histopathological and clinical stages of the disease and at the CIS stage (carcinoma in situ). It cannot be excluded that the observed polymorphism at codon 213 may be a predisposing factor for urinary bladder carcinoma development.
Multiplex FISH (UroVysion), Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH), and Multitemperature Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism (MSSCP) were applied for non-invasive diagnosis and prognosis of bladder cancer. The UroVysion test was positive in 80% of patients with pTl and in 100% of patients with either pT2 or pT3 tumours. Tumours with pT3T4 stages were characterized by high numbers of chromosomal imbalances, detected by CGH. The mutation of the p53 gene was detected in 16% of patients, but only in those with pT2 or pT3 tumours.
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