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The aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of the ultrasonographic fetometry involving inner chorionic cavity diameter (ICC) and biparietal diameter (BP) measurements for predicting the parturition date in two dog breeds: the Yorkshire Terrier and Golden Retriever. Additionally, the authors studied whether developing specific mathematical formulas for predicting parturition dates in the breeds was justified. In the group of Yorkshire Terrier bitches, 12 ICC measurements and 14 BP measurements were taken. In the Golden Retrievers the ICC was measured 8 times and BP - 10 times. The obtained values were substituted into Luvoni-Grioni formulas, taking into account the body mass before pregnancy. Due to the lack of earlier studies on dogs with a body mass over 25 kg, the parturition date for the Golden Retrievers was calculated using formulas for medium-sized dogs (body mass 10-25 kg). In the case of the Yorkshire Terriers, formulas for dogs smaller than 10 kg were used. The method proved to be highly useful in predicting the accuracy of the parturition date in both breeds. Prediction accuracy in the Golden Retrievers reached 80% to 100%, depending on the type of measurement used, and precision levels. In the Yorkshire Terriers, the accuracy reached 57%-93%. Comparing the effectiveness of the parturition date prediction in the two breeds, no statistically significant differences were found. Regression lines based on the authors' own fetometric measurements were highly convergent with the lines defined by the Luvoni-Grioni formulas. The only statistically significant difference was found in BP measurements in the Golden Retrievers; this suggests that the commonly used Luvoni-Grioni formula should be modified when applied to large dog breeds.
The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of Mycoplasma canis in the vagina in three groups of healthy canine bitches. Two vaginal swab samples were collected from each of the 91 mixed-breed canine bitches. One sample was placed into a transport medium, chilled and brought to the laboratory within 24 h. These swabs were cultured on a urea-arginine LYO2 broth, thereafter DNA was extracted and tested by PCR. The second vaginal sample was cultured for aerobic bacteria. Totally, 38 (41.76%) samples were positive. In group I (n = 32) M. canis was detected in 22 (68.7%) bitches, in group II (n = 24) in four (16.7%), and in group III (n = 35) in 12 (34.3%) animals. Mixed infections with other bacteria were common. The mean number of isolates from vaginal samples was 2.1. The results indicate that M. canis is a part of normal vaginal flora in healthy bitches. The differences between groups of bitches in the frequency of incidence of M. canis and other bacteria could result from various environmental conditions.
Trichomonadidae family is a protozoan occurring in different animal species. It inhabits the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts. P. hominis is rarely found in faecal samples of dogs, and its identification and differentiation from other trichomonads by light microscopy are difficult. Methods of molecular biology are the most effective in this case, because they confirm the presence of the specific species in animal organisms, irrespective of the protozoan form. The aim of this study was to find P. hominis in selected dog kennels in North-Eastern Poland. Forty-one faecal samples of dogs from 7 dog kennels were examined. The occurrence of P. hominis in 5 faecal samples of dogs with no symptoms of diarrhoea was the first one to be confirmed in Poland.
In clinical practice, the parturition date in bitches is calculated on the basis of the established ovulation date, using determination of the level of LH and P4. Additionally cytological examination of vaginal smears makes it possible to establish the onset of diestrus, from which the delivery occurs after about 57 days. The latest method used in bitches for this purpose is foetal biometry. Measurements of the inner chorionic cavity diameter (ICC) and biparietal diameter (BP) with formulas published by Luvoni and Grioni have been popularized and the most practically useful. In a group of six bitches the effectiveness obtained with the use of ICC was 66.67% with an accuracy of 1 day and 100% with an accuracy of 2 days. BP measurements gave better results, as the accuracy was respectively 83.33% and 100%. The effectiveness of predicting the delivery date on the base of method consisting in determining the LH surge was 66.67% with an accuracy of 1 day and 100% with an accuracy of 2 days. The best effectiveness was obtained while using the method based on P4 level determination (100% both with an accuracy of 1 day, as well as of 2 days). The lowest accuracy was obtained while using the cytological method. Generally, a comparison of the methods used for predicting the date of delivery in bitches confirms practical usefulness of fetometry. Its effectiveness was not lower than traditional methods used so far, while its advantage lies in the ease of performance and the long term of application during gestation. However, full confirmation of the practical usefulness of this method requires further research on a larger number of animals.
The article describes techniques for ultrasonographic pregnancy diagnosis in bitches and indicates its advantages compared to other methods such as palpation, radiography or laboratory examination. The authors draw attention to new aspects of pregnancy diagnosis, including monitoring of embryonic and fetal development from fertilization until parturition. The usefulness of ultrasonographic examination of pregnancy disorders such as embryonic death, abortion, placenta and uterus dysfunctions as well as pathology in embryo and fetal growth has been stressed. New applications of ultrasonography such as the prediction of the parturition date based on the measurement of the itrachorionic cavity or biparietal diameter, the determination of litter size and the evaluation of morphological-behavioral fetal development have also been described. Moreover, the importance of ultrasonographic examination of pregnant bitches for the improvement of obstetrics and neonatology in small animal practice has been indicated.
Malnutrition leading to growth failure is one of the main problems in maintainig children with chronic liver diseases. The pathogenesis of malnutrition is complex and includes reduced calorie intake, fat malabsorption, impaired protein metabolism and increased energy expenditure. The nutritional status is an important risk factor for survival post liver transplantation. Aggressive nutritional support with careful monitoring is essential, particularly where liver transplantation is considered. When the oral nutrition is inadequate, the enteral feeding with nocturnal intragastric tube should be started. In case of gastrointestinal intolerance, severe malnutrition and gastrointestinal bleeding, parenteral nutrition should be considered.
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