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The antipodals of the mature embryo sacs of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and triticale (xTriticosecale Wittm.), as well as those of the embryo sacs developing after reciprocal cross pollination of these taxa were investigated. In a single embryo sac there were on average 14 antipodals in triticale and 18,5 in wheat. The endoreduplication cycles were stated in the antipodal nuclei. Before the pollination they led to a maximum degree of ploidy 8n in triticale and 16n in wheat. Within three days after the pollination a number of the antipodal nuclei reached 256n in the triticale ♀ x wheat ♂ cross and 512n in the reciprocal cross. The polytene chromosomes resulted from a gradual condensation of chromatin with the increasing degree of ploidy. They were the only type of the chromatin organization found in all the antipodal nuclei over 32n degree of ploidy. In both crosses the first signs of disintegration of the antipodal apparatus were found three days after the pollination. At that time the cellularization of the initially coenocitic endosperm was starting in the triticale ♀ x wheat ♂ cross. By contrast, the latter process was withheld in the reciprocal cross, which together with other disturbances of the endosperm development caused almost complete kernels sterility. The possibility of improper interaction of the mother derived antipodal apparatus with the hybrid endosperm was discussed.
Embryo sac development in reciprocal crosses of winter, hexaploid: wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cultivar ‘Liwilla’) and triticale (xTriticosecale Wittm. strain CHD 464) was examined during the first five days after pollination. Double fertilization was found in both crosses. Embryos developed regularly, slower however in the wheat ♀ x triticale ♂ cross. Aberrant, polyploid (up to 24n) endosperm nuclei were formed through disturbed mitotic cycles in both crosses. They occurred more frequently in the wheat ♀ x x triticale ♂ cross. Also, an early desynchronization of nuclear divisions and an uneven distribution of endosperm nuclei were found in the latter cross. They were accompanied with delayed or not complete cellularization of endosperm and its degradation in some regions. These abnormalities are the possible cause of the severe kernel sterility in the wheat ♀ x triticale ♂ cross. In contrast, the reciprocal cross produced shrivelled but mostly viable kernels.
The resistance of triticale (x Triticosecale Wittm.) to infection of snow mould Microdochium nivale (Fr., Samuels & Hallett) was examined under different temperature pre-treatment regimes. The results of laboratory ‘‘cold chamber’’ resistance tests correlated with the breeders’ report from field experiments. Studied genotypes differed substantially in their resistance to infection. Two cultivars: ‘Magnat’ (susceptible) and ‘Hewo’ (relatively resistant) were further studied as a plant model to test the role of pre-hardening and cold-hardening induction of resistance expression. Both model cultivars were susceptible to M. nivale infection without cold pre-treatment and gained genotype-depended level of resistance after 4 weeks treatment at 4°C, moreover the resistance grew gradually. Simultaneously to the resistance tests, the measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were taken. The results showed that higher vitality index Rfd of coldhardened triticale seedlings correlated with increased pink snow mould resistance while differences in other parameters of fluorescence were not distinctly significant. Establishment of Rfd in 4 weeks hardened triticale seedlings could be used for a large scale screening of breeding material in order to select potentially resistant genotypes. Such analyses have not been reported for triticale before.
The pattern of electric signals accompanying compatible and incompatible pollination were studied in pistils of petunia (Petunia hybrida L.) and rape (Brassica napus L). Electric potential was recorded for 4–7 hours with non-polarizable Ag/AgCl electrodes implanted into the ovary and beneath the sigma. At the end of measurements, pistils were fixed and the growth of pollen tubes was analyzed under a fluorescent microscope. Action potentials appeared in both species. In rape the potential dropped by 10 mV for few minutes after pollination regardless of the compatibility of the cross. In this species, during compatible pollination action potentials with amplitudes of 15–20 mV were recorded up to one hour after pollination. They were followed by a long lasting decrease of the potential by 10 to 50 mV. Contrary, after the self-incompatible pollination, action potentials were rare and of lower amplitudes and the potential gradually raised in comparison to the initial level. During the first hour after the compatible pollination of Petunia hybrida series of action potentials with amplitudes reaching 10–20 mV were recorded. At the time corresponding to the pollen tubes entrance to the transmitting tissue of the style, action potentials reaching up to 40 mV were followed by a steady decrease of the potential. The electric signals traveled along the style with velocity of 25 mm/s. Incompatible pollination in petunia resulted only in minor oscillation and gradual increase of the potential up to 100 mV in comparison to the initial level. The present investigation demonstrated that each phase of pollen-stigma recognition events, germination and growth of pollen tubes within the style have its characteristic pattern of electric changes which was species specific and depended on compatibility of the cross.
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