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There has been a growing interest over the last years in techniques using alternative and pharmaceutical plants due to their wide potential applications. These species are characterised by valuable and multidirectional usable features, due to which their practical application is superior to their physiognomic features. These plants may provide a raw material for production of medicines, cosmetics or may be used for animal feeds. Moreover they may be used as ornamental, melliferous and energy plants. Owing to their generally low soil requirements they are used in the reclamation of degraded land. Among the species characterized by multidirectional use are Silphium perfoliatum, Helichrysum arenarium and Stevia rebaudiana. These plants are characterized by a high content of active compounds and a number of pro-health characteristics. Because raw materials for production of medicines and cosmetics should be standardized, cultures maintained under controlled conditions are a good source of seedlings.
Cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum L.) is a tall, reaching up to 2.5 m, perennial plant that represents the Asteraceae family. Silphium perfoliatum L can be applied in medicine, animal feeding, and as a decorative, honey-producing and energy production plant which proves its multi-functional features. Sowing material currently available in Poland is insufficient, which justifies the present attempts at propagating these plants in in vitro cultures. Therefore, Silphium perfoliatum L. seed sterilization and micropropagation processes were studied under controlled conditions in in vitro cultures. Among the tested methods, ACE proved to be the most effective for sterilization. The apical parts of seedlings were used as explants; they were placed onto MS media with growth regulators added. 4 growth regulator concentration variants were applied. The highest percentage of explants with lateral shoots (41.7%) and callus (90.3%) was obtained on MS medium with 5 mg x dm-3 BAP + 1 mg × dm-3 NAA added. Shoots were isolated and transferred onto MS rooting medium without growth regulators. The rooted plants were transferred to the greenhouse and acclimatised to ex vitro conditions.
Allium ursinum L. has a commercial value due to its high contents of bioactive compounds and mild, garlic-like taste. In vitro culture played an important role in obtaining Allium species with the desired characteristics and in the production of healthy reproductive material. Developing an effective method of sterilization bear’s garlic bulbs. To obtain sterile shoots of garlic several methods of sterilization involving such factors as ACE, H2O2, HgCl2, and UV-C were tested. In order to obtain sterile shoots of bear’s garlic, several sterilization procedures were tested. The best procedure was based on a two-step disinfection, where the whole onions were treated with ethanol and H2O2 for 20 min. Thereafter, the isolated apical buds were sterilized in ACE for 10 min, rinsed in double-distilled water and transferred onto MS medium for growing. Up to 95% of the inoculated explants formed shoots, which were sub-cultured on MS with 4 mg dm-3 BAP in order to enable further propagation. After optimization and stabilization, this procedure may become the basic concept of a proper and reliable propagation method of bear’s garlic on commercial scale.
The work presented here demonstrates the utility of a two-step algorithm for environmental poliovirus surveillance based on: preselection of sewage samples tested for the presence of enteroviral genetic material-RT-PCR assay and detection of infectious viruses by cell culture technique (L20B for polioviruses and RD for polio and other non-polio enteroviruses). RD and L20B cell lines were tested to determine their sensitivity for isolation of viruses from environmental samples (sewage). Finally, we wanted to determine if sewage concentration affects the results obtained for RT-PCR and cell cultures.
A 4-year study (2011–2014) of patients with meningitis was performed. Out of the 686 cerebrospinal fluid samples, 465 (67.8%) were positive for eneteroviruses using RT-PCR and out of 334 clinical samples, 216 (64.7%) were positive for enteroviruses using cell culture methods. The highest detection rate was observed in the summer and autumn. In total, 185 enteroviruses were identified by using neutralization test. Echovirus 6 and 30 were the most common (41.7% and 37.5% respectively). The highest frequency of neurological infections (32.7%) occurred in children aged 5–9 years, mostly males (63.9%).
W doświadczeniu polowym, przeprowadzonym w latach 2009-2010 na glebie bardzo lekkiej w Kruszynie Krajeńskim koło Bydgoszczy, badano wpływ nawadniania kroplowego na wybrane parametry wzrostu rożnika przerośniętego uprawianego z sadzonek uzyskanych w procesie mikrorozmnażania in vitro. Doświadczenie założono jako jednoczynnikowe w układzie zależnym, w czterech powtórzeniach. Czynnikiem stanowiącym źródło zmienności było nawadnianie kroplowe zastosowane w dwóch wariantach: O - bez nawadniania (kontrola), K - nawadnianie kroplowe, przeprowadzane na podstawie wskazań tensjometrów (-0,04 MPa). Materiałem do badań były rośliny rożnika przerośniętego (Silphium perfoliatum L.), które uzyskano w procesie mikrorozmnażania. Nawadnianie kroplowe istotnie wpłynęło na zwiększenie świeżej masy liści z jednej rośliny oraz liczby liści. Zwiększyło istotnie powierzchnię transpiracyjną jak również podwyższyło zawartość suchej masy liści.
The aim of the present research were histological analysis of regenerating structures through in vitro gynogenesis from unfertilized ovules of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). The process of shoot regeneration using a novel two stage method combines the preculture in liquid medium with the culture on solid medium. The highest number of explants that formed shoots (60%) was observed on medium supplemented with BAP, sucrose and gerlite, and as regards carbohydrates used in the medium most of explants forming shoots (42%) and the largest total number of shoots (110) was observed for glucose. To accurately determine the course of shoot formation, histological analyses were performed. Careful histologic evaluation of regenerating structures revealed the presence of numerous meristematic centres. In some meristems formation of specialized tissues and organs was observed, including epidermis, apical meristem, leaf primordia and tracheal elements. The analyses showed that the regeneration of the new structures from sugar beet ovules occurred both through organogenesis as well as somatic embryogenesis since the presence of somatic embryos in the globular stage or torpedo stage were observed.
Explants of apical buds of sandy everlasting Helichrysum arenarium L. Moench sterilized with calcium hypochlorite – Ca(OCl₂) were placed onto Murashige- -Skoog (MS) growth medium enriched with 1 mg∙dm⁻³ KIN (kinetin) in two consecutive passages. To optimize the procedure of in vitro micropropagation, the axillary shoots of Helichrysum arenarium L. Moench were transferred during the third passage onto 9 different combinations of MS medium without plant growth regulators (PGRs-free medium), with different concentrations of KIN (1.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 mg∙dm⁻³) and KIN (1.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 mg∙dm⁻³) with IAA (indole-3-acetic acid) (0.5 mg dm⁻³). The highest mean number of shoots (24.7) was observed on MS medium with 5 mg∙dm⁻³ KIN and 0.5 mg∙dm⁻³ IAA. The achieved branched shoots were rooted and acclimatized. Rhizogenesis was intensified by the presence of growth hormones: 0.5 mg∙dm⁻³ IAA or 0.5 mg∙dm⁻³ IBA (indole-3-butyric acid). At the stage of acclimation of plantlets the application of a water solution of MS salts (25%) for watering the plants increased the efficacy of plant acclimation from 56 to 75%.
As a complement to the active search for cases of acute flaccid paralysis, environmental sampling was conducted from January to December 2011, to test for any putative polio revertants and recombinants in sewage. A total of 165 environmental samples were obtained and analyzed for the presence of polioviruses by use of cell culture (L20B, RD and Caco-2) followed by neutralization and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Out of the 31 CPE positive samples, 26 contained one and 5 two different serotypes, yielding a total of 36 PVs. The microneutralization test revealed the presence of 7, 10 and 19 strains belonging to poliovirus serotype 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The genomic variability of 36 poliovirus strains was examined by the restriction fragment length polymorphism assay (RFLP). By combined analyses of two distant, polymorphic segments of the viral genome, one situated in the capsid protein VP1 coding region and the other in the 3D-polymerase coding region, we screened for the putative poliovirus revertants and recombinants. All detected PVs were classified as vaccine strains on the basis of RFLP-VP1 test. None of wild-type PVs or vaccine derived polioviruses were detected. RFLP assay also revealed the presence of 11 recombinants in 3D-polymerase coding region. Nine isolates appeared to be S3/S2, one S3/S1 and S1/S2 recombinant in analyzed 3Dpol region. This study revealed, through environmental monitoring, the introduction of SL PVs into the population associated with the routine use of OPV in Poland before the April 2016. Our findings demonstrate the usefulness of environmental surveillance in the overall polio eradication program.
The high concentration of some trace elements in medicinal plants may lowering the value of herbal material, and may cause poisoning effects. The aim of this research was to evaluate the content of trace elements in the organs of: sandy everlasting, yarrow and stinging nettle. In the soil samples, the grain size composition, pH, the content of carbon and nitrogen were determined. In the plant material and for the soil samples, the total contents of Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Pb were assayed. The values of the bioconcentration factor and translocation factor were also calculated. The concentration of metals in plant tissues followed in order: Fe>Mn>Zn>Pb>Cu>Hg. The studied species of medicinal plants accumulated mainly Zn, Pb and Hg. It was also shown a high Hg mobility and a low Pb mobility which mainly accumulated in the roots.
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