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Growth hormone (GH) acts as a stimulant in anabolic processes. Animal breeders and scientists are mostly interested in its role in milk and meat production. The function of the growth hormone in human and animal reproduction has recently become an area of great interest in modern research. As has already been shown, GH plays an important role in the process of gametogenesis in females and males, by stimulating gamete production and maturation as well as embryo development. The mechanisms of GH activity are still unknown. The insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) has shown to be the main GH mediator. GH therapy causes a considerable increase in sperm cell concentration, their motility and IGF-I content in blood. Moreover, tests have demonstrated an association between IGF-I concentration in seminal plasma and the rate of morphologically normal spermatozoa as well as cell concentration. GH and IGF-I action on sperm cells has been proven by discovering active receptors in porcine testis and in bovine spermatozoa cells.
AMPK is a highly conserved heterotrimeric serine/threonine kinase involved in the regulation of cellular metabolism and energy distribution. AMPK is an intracellular metabolic sensor which, through the reduction of adenosine-5′-triphosphate (ATP)- consuming processes and stimulation of ATP-generating pathways, maintains cellular energy homeostasis. AMPK activation occurs through phosphorylation at a specific threonine residue (Thr172) on the α subunit. It was proved that neuronal AMPK has been implicated in pathology of cerebral ischemia. However, whether AMPK activation in astrocytes is responsible for intensification autophagy contributing to their ischemic injury remains to be determined. The aim of the present study was to investigate the time-dependent activation of AMPK as well as to evaluate the autophagy induction in astrocytes exposed to combined oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD). It was shown that exposure of cultured astrocytes to OGD (0.5 – 24 h) causes an increase in AMPK expression and activity. The role of endogenous AMPK in the process of autophagy activation was also demonstrated. The work was supported by grant N N401 072139 from the Ministry of Science and Higher Educations (BG), Warsaw, Poland.
In the activated sludge process, the share of filamentous bacteria is crucial for proper settlement and high sewage treatment efficiency. Disequilibrium of the microbial community may be a reason for the appearance of bulking episodes. During 19 months (August 2007-February 2009) activated sludge samples were collected and analyzed by physicochemical, microscopic, and molecular methods. Amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis was chosen to detect molecular changes between normal and bulking sludge samples, which may be markers, informing about disadvantageous changes in the microbial population. Quantity and length of restriction products were the basis to create dendrograms representing the phylogenetic relationship of activated sludge samples. The most suitable restriction enzymes for finding molecular differences between normal and bulking sludge were MspI and HhaI.
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