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A comparison of food habits of two sympatric ruminants of Mt. Yatsugatake, central Japan: sika deer and Japanese serow

100%

Kobayashi K., Takatsuki S.

Acta Theriologica

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2012

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tom 57

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nr 4

Comparison of food habits of sympatric animals provides understanding of interspecific relations. Previous studies of food habits of the two ruminants of Japan, sika deer (Cervus nippon) and Japanese serows (Capricornis crispus), have shown that sika deer are variable, and they are gazers in northern Japan, but browsers in southern Japan, whereas Japanese serows are browsers. However, these studies described the food habits of each species separately, and no study has compared the food habits of these species living in sympatry. Therefore, we examined these species on Mt. Yatsugatake, central Japan, using microhistological analyses and nutritional analyses of feces. Sasa nipponica, a dwarf bamboo, predominated in the fecal composition of sika deer, whereas both S. nipponica and dicotyledonous plants were found in the feces of Japanese serows. Crude protein levels of serow feces were higher than those of deer. The particle sizes of plant fragments in serow feces were smaller than those in deer feces, suggesting that serow fed more selectively on digestible plants than deer did. These results support the suggestions of previous studies conducted in different habitats and show that sika deer are less selective grazers, and Japanese serows are more selective browsers. Thus, food differences are likely explained by the feeding ecophysiology of the animals and not habitat differences.

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Irreproducibility –The deadly sin of preclinical research in drug development

81%

Pillai S. K., Kobayashi K., Michael M., Arumugam M.

Journal of Pre-Clinical and Clinical Research

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2020

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tom 14

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nr 4

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Assessment of palmitoylation status and cycles on PSD 95 in neurons and in vivo

81%

Fukata Y., Yokoi N., Kobayashi K., Fukata M.

Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis

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2017

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tom 77

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nr Suppl.1

INTRODUCTION: Precise synaptic function requires spatio-temporally regulated protein localization. Protein palmitoylation, a reversible lipid modification, represents one such mechanism. Although numerous synaptic palmitoylated proteins have been identified, the physiological importance of their palmitoylation remains incompletely understood due to the lack of quantitative information. AIM(S): To determine the actual palmitoylation stoichiometry and state (for example, mono-, di-, tri-) of representative synaptic proteins in the rat brain, and to examine how dynamically the palmitoyl-turnover on proteins is regulated. METHOD(S): We used recently developed acyl-PEGyl exchange gel‑shift (APEGS) assay to profile palmitoylation stoichiometry of synaptic proteins and their dynamic changes, especially for PSD-95, in rat cultured hippocampal neurons and in rat brain. RESULTS: We found that individual palmitoylated proteins have the distinct palmitoylation site occupancy and the kinetics in rat cultured hippocampal neurons. Unexpectedly, palmitate on synaptic proteins did not all turn over. Of particular importance however is uniquely robust and dynamic palmitoylation for a postsynaptic scaffold PSD-95. In young neurons the stoichiometry of PSD‑95 palmitoylation was about 60% with the rapid palmitate cycling, whereas palmitate cycling on PSD-95 significantly decelerated accompanied by the increased stoichiometry in neurons and in vivo. Furthermore, we found that the sensitivity against recently discovered PSD-95 depalmitoylating enzyme, ABHD17, well correlated with the speed of palmitoyl cycling and cluster formation of PSD-95. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that the palmitoylation stoichiometry and kinetics of PSD-95 could be tightly controlled in response to the physiological contexts during synapse development by the specific palmitoylating/depalmitoylating enzymes. FINANCIAL SUPPORT: The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology – Japan (15H04279, 15H01299)

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Inhibitory effects of indomethacin on growth and proliferation of gastric carcinoma cells Kato III

71%

Fujiwara Y., Tarnawski A., Fujiwara K., Arakawa T., Kobayashi K.

Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology

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1993

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tom 44

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nr 2

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John William Trevan’s concept of Median Lethal Dose (LD50/LC50) – more misused than used

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Pillai S. K., Kobayashi K., Michael M., Mathai T., Sivakumar B., Sadasivan P.

Journal of Pre-Clinical and Clinical Research

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2021

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tom 15

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nr 3

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Selection of rub trees by brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Hokkaido, Japan

51%

Sato Y., Kamiishi C., Tokaji T., Mori M., Koizumi S., Kobayashi K., Itoh T., Sonohara W., Takada M. B., Urata T.

Acta Theriologica

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2014

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tom 59

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nr 1

Tree rubbing by brown bears (Ursus arctos) is a well-known behavior throughout the animal’s distribution. There is still insufficient information on the characteristics and function of the behavior. We investigated seasonal frequency of tree rubbing by brown bears, characteristics and reasons for selection of rub trees, and characteristics of bear signs on and around rub trees in a mixed coniferous–broad-leaved deciduous forest in Hokkaido, Japan. Between 1998 and 2009, we found 172 rub trees and confirmed 995 tree rubbings. We found that the rub trees were used repeatedly by bears within a year and for multiple years (more than 10 years). Tree rubbing by brown bears was observed from April to November, with a peak between May and June that corresponds to the mating season of brown bears. Abies sachalinensis was selected and broad-leaved trees were avoided for tree rubbing based on estimated availability in natural forest. The preference for Abies sachalinensis might be because the strong odor of resin attracts bears for rubbing their head and neck in resinous substances and for increasing the detectability of their markings by receptor bears. Selected trees for rubbing were located right beside the trail on relatively level ground among trees along roads or trails. Trees had a relatively large diameter at breast height. These characteristics would also serve to increase the access and detectability of their markings. Series of pad-shaped depressions was the most frequently observed (70 %) indication of bear rubbing, followed by debarking (51 %) and clawing (30 %). In terms of visual and olfactory signal amplification, physical damage by bears to the trees might have a function to enhance the smell as a result of increase in outflow of the resin. We conclude that tree rubbing behavior is associated with the mating season of brown bears and that the main purpose of this behavior is scent marking to communicate intraspecifically during the mating season.

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Estimating the population structure of brown bears in eastern Hokkaido based on microsatellite analysis

51%

Itoh T., Sato Y., Tsuruga H., Mano T., Kohira M., Yamanaka M., Kasai S., Kobayashi K., Iwata R.

Acta Theriologica

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2013

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tom 58

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nr 2

Estimating the genetic structure of a population is important for the conservation and management of wildlife. In the present study, our aim was to estimate the genetic structure of the brown bear (Ursus arctos) population in eastern Hokkaido by performing a Bayesian clustering analysis. To accomplish this goal, we used 15 microsatellites to generate genotypic data from tissue samples collected from 646 bears between 1996 and 2008. Using this genotypic data and the geographic locations where the bears were captured, GENELAND analysis detected six subpopulations. Based on the genotypic data, the STRUCTURE analysis revealed three subpopulations. As inferred from the GENELAND analysis, the core zones of the subpopulations (G-a through G-f) were located in the Shiranuka Hills (G-a), the northern area of the Shiranuka Hills (G-b), the eastern slope of the Daisetsuzan Mountains (G-c), the northern slope of the Akan Mountain Range (G-d), the Shiretoko Peninsula (G-e), and Akkeshi District (G-f). The STRUCTURE analysis indicated that G-b and G-d were influenced by gene flow from other subpopulations. National routes, towns, and farm fields were considered to have formed the distribution boundaries among the subpopulations. A high level of genetic differentiation was not observed among the six subpopulations, with the exception of G-f (F st = 1.35–0.176, D s = 0.246–0.349), which showed a geographically discontinuous distribution. We suggest that the loss of forest areas through future regional development and road building should be avoided to facilitate gene flow in brown bears in Hokkaido.

Ograniczanie wyników

A comparison of food habits of two sympatric ruminants of Mt. Yatsugatake, central Japan: sika deer and Japanese serow

Irreproducibility –The deadly sin of preclinical research in drug development

Assessment of palmitoylation status and cycles on PSD 95 in neurons and in vivo

Inhibitory effects of indomethacin on growth and proliferation of gastric carcinoma cells Kato III

John William Trevan’s concept of Median Lethal Dose (LD50/LC50) – more misused than used

Selection of rub trees by brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Hokkaido, Japan

Estimating the population structure of brown bears in eastern Hokkaido based on microsatellite analysis