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W Polsce i na świecie próchnica została uznana za chorobę społeczną. Badania z udziałem ludzi potwierdziły, że za inicjację i postępowanie tej choroby odpowiedzialne są bakterie Streptococcus mutans. Wiele analiz wskazuje na kluczową rolę specyficznych białek S. mutans (antygen 1/11, glukozylotrasferaza GTF, białka GBP) w patogenezie próchnicy. Badania dowiodły, że antygeny te bądź ich fragmenty mogą być efektywnymi immunogenami przeciwko próchnicy.
Two discoveries reported in the mid 1970s in hybridoma technology and genetic engineering techniques - have enabled overcoming the difficulties related to the generation of pharmaceuticals from their natural resources, such as blood or human tissues, and in 1982 led to the introduction of the first product of the modern biotechnology, a recombinant insulin, opening the biopharmaceutical era. Among the registered biopharmaceuticals in the 1980s and the early 1990s the majority of the products were identical to the natural forms of the proteins and their amino acid sequences. Currently, the rapid growth of the contribution of the second generation biopharmaceuticals with genetically introduced modifications is observed. All of the biopharmaceuticals registered on the market until 2005 were generated with the application of E. coli bacteria, yeast, or animal cell lines (CHO, BHK). With the possible registration on the market of the recombinant antithrombin, in 2006 the first therapeutic protein produced in milk of the transgenic goats will appear as a new alternative, cheaper and more effective system enabling the production of complex proteins. The biopharmaceuticals can be generated in blood, milk, urine, semen, egg white of the transgenic animals, and the silk glands of silkworms. At present, several dozens of the protein products which are produced in milk of almost all species of farm animals and in the egg white of the hens are subjected to studies at the clinical phase.
The completely new strategy of pseudophysiological transcomplementary (transcytoplasmic) activation (PP-TCA) of nuclear-transferred oocytes, which had been derived from pWAPhGH-GFPBsd transfected foetal fibroblast cells, was recently applied to the somatic cell cloning of pigs. It resulted in the considerable enhancing not only the cleavage activity of cultured cloned embryos, but also their morula and blastocyst formation rates as compared to the use of standard simultaneous fusion and electrical activation of reconstituted oocytes (77% vs. 57%, 63% vs. 46% and 40% vs. 27%, respectively). Altogether, the use of cytosolic components descended from heterologous (rabbit) zygotes as the agents for stimulation of porcine clonal cytoplasmic hybrids (cybrids) turned out to be reliable and feasible strategy for the generation of transgenic blastocysts by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Furthermore, to our knowledge, no previous study has reported the preimplantation developmental outcome of transgenic nuclear-transferred pig embryos following the PP-TCA that was developed and optimised in our laboratory.
Foreign DNA can integrate into DNA genomes via two main classes of integration mechanisms: homologous recombination that draws on sequence similarity between the integrating sequences and the DNA genomes and non-homologous, or, illegitimate integration. Illegitimate integration of foreign DNA facilitates the modification of a cell’s genetic content and produces transgenic animals but this process can have dramatic repercussions on the content, organization, and function of the recipient genome. A better understanding of the mechanisms and factors governing illegitimate DNA integration would help reduce the risk of unforeseeable genomic alterations. The article discusses the current state of knowledge about integrating foreign DNA and its consequences.
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