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Marteilia refringens is a protistan belonging to the phylum Paramyxea. This parasite is the causative agent of marteiliosis, a lethal diseases that causes mass mortality among molluscs, especially flat oysters (Ostrea edulis). The susceptible species of molluscs also include blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) and Mediterranean mussels (M. galloprovincialis). Depending of the host species, two types of M. refringens have been distinguished: type O, diagnosed in oyster; and type M., occurring in mussels. A new genetic type C is suspected to occur in molluscs belonging to the Cerastoderma edule species. M. refringens displays tropism to digestive epithelium, and in heavy infections the parasite causes total damage of the digestive gland. The presence of these parasites in a mussel only weakens the host. The life-cycle of M. refringens is complex. The transmission of the parasite presumably also involves other host species, such as in copepodes and zooplankton. The development of the parasite is seasonal and strictly related to water temperatures. The diagnosis of marteiliosis is carried out by tissue imprints, histology and molecular methods. The treatment of marteiliosis is impossible, and therefore the only way to control the disease is to prevent the spread of the pathogen. Marteiliosis of oysters is listed as an O.I.E notifiable disease and classified as a non-exotic disease, according to Council Directive 2006/88/EC.
The aim of this study was to characterise Acinetobacter sp. isolated from fish. Eight isolates obtained from diseased rainbow trout and common carp cultured in Poland were analysed. The isolates were identified using API 20 NE system as Acinetobacter sp. Afterwards, they were identified by sequencing 16S rDNA gene fragment. The bacteria were identified as A. johnsonii (two isolates), A. Iwoffii (two isolates), A. junii/johnsonii (one isolate), A. calcoaceticus (one isolate), and Acinetobacter sp. (two isolates). The drug resistance of isolates was examined. The majority of the isolates were resistant to ampicilin, amoxicillin, and cephalothin and all demonstrated sensitivity to fluoroquinolones, except of one isolate. Two isolates were selected for the experimental infection of trout and carp to confirm their pathogenicity. Experimentally infected fish showed disease symptoms similar to those observed in fish naturally infected with these bacteria. This is the first report concerning pathogenicity of A. johnsonii for rainbow trout and A. Iwoffii for common carp. These bacteria were regarded as emerging opportunistic pathogens of fish farmed in Poland. Acinetobacter strains are commonly known as microorganisms transmitting the antibiotic resistance genes. Therefore, they might have a great impact on the resistance transfer in aquaculture.
The aim of this study was to diagnose the presence of the fungus Aphanomyces invadans, the etiological agent of the epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS), in ornamental fish in Poland. Thirteen species of ornamental fish from Polish culture, as well as imported from Asia, Africa and South America, exhibiting haemorrhages, ulcers, and skin lesions or mortality, were examined during three years of studies. Samples from skin lesions, muscles and internal organs (kidney, liver) were collected. Each sample was inoculated on GP medium to enable mycelia to grow, as well as diagnosed directly by the PCR method. Each specimen of mycelia grown on the GP medium was examined morphologically and by the PCR technique. In total, 481 muscle samples, 497 skin samples, 133 kidney samples, and 30 liver samples were examined. The fungus A. invadans was not observed in cultures on the GP medium. The tests of the samples collected from the tissues and organs showing pathological signs, performed by the PCR method, were also negative. One should bear in mind that the fish examined constituted a very small percentage of the total population of ornamental fish bred in Poland and imported into our country. These examinations, performed for the first time in Poland, made it possible to evaluate the epizootic situation concerning the EUS in our country.
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