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The canine vector-borne diseases (CVBD) is a term, which describes a range of infectious or/and parasitic diseases whose etiological agents are transmitted by vectors. CVBD are becoming more widely in the world in relation to global warming and the increasing number of infected vectors. The aim of this study was to assess rapid mass spectrometry (MS) – based proteomics analyses for diagnosis of Babesia canis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Borrelia burgdorferi infections in dogs. The study was conducted on four groups of dogs – healthy dogs (group 1, n=10) and dogs infected with B. canis (group 2, n=20), A. phagocytophilum (group 3, n=20) and B. burgdorferi (group 4, n=20) which demonstrated symptoms of the diseases. The MALDI-TOF (Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization with Time of Flight detector) MS technique revealed the presence of specific protein fraction of 51–52 kDa only in the blood serum of all the animals infected with the B. canis protozoa. The proteins are suspected to be disease markers, whereas the MALDI-TOF technique itself has high specificity and sensitivity and can be applied in the diagnosis of canine babesiosis.
The aim of this article was to review the literature on Anaplasma phagocytophilum infections in wild animals. A. phagocytophilum is an emerging pathogen that is transmitted by Ixodide ticks. Recent studies suggest that multiple strains of A. phagocytophilum may be circulating in wild animal populations, and these strains may have differential host tropisms and pathogenicity. The patogen infects and replicates in neutrophils. Diagnosis of the infection is based on the detection of morulae in granulocytes of the peripheral blood, results of serological tests, and detection of the DNA of A. phagocytophilum by a specific polymerase chain reaction. The course of anaplasmosis in wild animals is usually subclinical, and it is a self-limiting disease. Although anaplasmosis may not be a significant threat to wild animals,. they are a reservoir and a potiental sources of A. phagocytophilum infection for humans.
Encephalitozoon cuniculi is an obligatory intracellular microsporidian parasite that can infect a wide range of mammals, including rodents, rabbits, horses, carnivores and humans. The main host for E. cuniculi is the rabbit, and infections usually have a sub-clinical course. Clinical symptoms observed in sick animals are those from the central nervous system and the urinary tract. The diagnosis and treatment of encephalitozoonosis in rabbits is difficult. Causal treatment involves the administration of the benzimidazole class of drugs, which demonstrate activity against protozoa. In symptomatic treatment, steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may be administered to reduce the swelling of the brain. Flatulence is treated with formulations containing dimethicone or simethicone. The aim of this paper was to present the authors’ observations concerning the standards of rabbit encephalitozoonosis therapy.
The aim of this study was to use the real time polymerase chain reaction in the detection of Babesia canis subclinical infestations in dogs and to compare the different DNA isolation methods on PCR sensitivity. The study included 6 dogs with suspected subclinical babesiosis. DNA for real time polymerase chain reaction were isolated by the phenol method as well as by Micro AX Gravity (A & A Biotechnology, Gdynia, Poland) and Blood mini (A & A Biotechnology, Gdynia, Poland) commercial kits. In the blood of all six specimens PCR demonstrated the presence of Babesia canis DNA. The most efficient proved to be a reaction to which the genetic material was isolated by the phenol method. The amount of total DNA obtained in this way, determined spectrometrically, ranged 43.7-54.3 ng/µl. Ct value in real-time PCR for DNA samples isolated in this manner was the lowest in comparison with other isolation methods, and averaged 22.5. Similar results were obtained when DNA was isolated from the blood with the Micro AX Gravity kit, while the least efficient was the Blood Mini Kit (amount of total DNA, depending on the sample was 14.0-25.1 ng/µl, amplification in real time occurred the slowest - average Ct value = 28). Readable sequences were obtained for all PCR products where DNA was isolated using the phenol method or by Micro AX Gravity. In the case of PCR products where DNA was isolated by the Blood Mini Kit, readable sequences were obtained only for 3 out of 6 tested samples. All sequences received in our study of the 18S RNA gene fragment showed a high 99.9-100% homology with the sequence of Babesia canis EU622792 These results confirm the usefulness of the real time PCR in the diagnosis of subclinical canine babesiosis and indicate the need for choosing such a DNA isolation method for this reaction that will guarantee the highest efficiency of amplification.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato DNA in a group of 120 wild bison (Bison bonasus) from the Bialowieza Primeval Forest in eastern Poland. The PCR technique revealed the presence of 16S RNA of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in the blood of 16 out of 120 examined animals. DNA amplification by means of primers SC1 and SC2 gave a product with a size of 300-bp. The sequences of the PCR products obtained showed 100% homology with each other and 100% homology with B. burgdorferi s.l. 16S RNA gene DQ111061. Results of this study suggest that wild bison are important in maintaining agents of Lyme borreliosis, and that studies of reservoir competence of this species are indicated.
The purpose of the study was the in vivo diagnosing of E. cuniculi invasions in pet rabbits with neurological symptoms using the Real-Time PCR, and determination of the rate of invasion, in this group of animals. The study involved 103 pet rabbits with neurological symptoms. Parasitic invasions were diagnosed using Real-Time PCR. The DNA of the parasites for molecular tests was isolated from the urine of the diseased animals. Out of the 103 tested DNA samples, the presence of the E. cuniculi genetic material was detected in 27 samples (26.21%). The melting temperature (Tm) of all products was 77.5℃. The presence of parasitic DNA in the urine of 26.21% of examined animals indicates that E. cuniculi infections occur widely in pet rabbits in Poland and are a significant cause of neurological disorders in those animals.
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