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Water pollution is a matter of great concern in lentic and lotic ecosystems. Generally water pollutants like heavy metals, organic compounds, etc. generate from industries and domestic activities. All of these pose serious threat to the fish population in freshwater as well as marine water bodies. An impact caused by water pollutants especially genotoxins depend not only upon its concentration, but also on the duration (acute and chronic exposure) and showed individual and/or combination of pollutants or genotoxins. Genotoxicity of fish with special reference to micronucleus induction in the erythrocytes of fish is an easy screening of water pollution. The present review deals with past and present research works of major water pollutants discharge and their impact on several fish species from available literatures.
As far as the detection of metal genotoxicity in fish is concerned, micronucleus (MN) test is considered an extremely suitable measure. In this study, frequencies of micronucleated erythrocytes were scored in peripheral blood of catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (bloch) after acute in-vivo exposure of zinc at different concentrations (5, 10 and 30 ppm) in the laboratory condition. These three concentrations of zinc were tested at different durations such as 24h, 48h, 72h and 96h respectively. Highly significant (P < 0.001) increased values were obtained for MN frequencies in the peripheral erythrocytes of exposed fishes compared to control groups of fishes. These results confirm that dose- and time-dependent micronucleation in the peripheral erythrocytes of fish after short-term exposure to zinc could provide valuable information regarding zinc containing effluent quality and also help in genetic biomonitoring with this test model. In this context safe concentration of zinc vis-a-vis genotoxicity range could be evaluated for future studies.
The data of individual sector on environmental science is compiled in information technology (IT) through database software known as Environment Information (EI). Environment information is an easy accessible database in individual sector, where people can know both new research scope and impact on environment. The present study deals to inform that EI is an area, in which the knowledge of environmental science and IT is combined through database software. In this paper, individual research area, data format and beneficial aspects on environmental science is tabulated for EI. There are several research areas in which the data viz. ecology and ecosystem, biodiversity and conservation of important species, health hazards by diseases, health care facilities, toxicological aspects, wastes types, source generation and management, alternative energy generation facilities, environment education and awareness etc. It is a conceptual approach to gather knowledge of environment related problems and prospects and can easily make a database for the intellectuals, academicians, scientists, regulatory authorities, policy makers, researchers, students etc. These help to know benefits in research area, regulatory process, decision making and proper environment management. People can easily access compiled database in an individual sector of environment science.
Insects are depends upon autotrophs and they attract by the flowers colour and shape as pollinator. This is a mutual relationship between flowers and insects. The present study aims to determine flower visiting insect diversity as pollinators in two parks as biomonitoring of automobile air pollution exposure, landscape changes and/or human interactions. The study areas were selected as per heavily-populated neighborhoods, nearby office buildings, nearby roads and continuous vehicular movements, human interactions as visitors, where fences and high levels of human disturbance are common. The study was carried out at 2 sampling stations viz (i) Elliot park and (ii) Agri-Horticulture Society. The flower species were selected viz. Helianthus annuus, Petunia sp. and Buganvilia spectabilis planting above mentioned areas because these species are more common among other species. In each flower, diversity of visiting insects were studied by qualitative and quantitative assessment. Indices were Species richness, Index of Dominance, Relative abundance, Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index and Evenness Index for insects for all selected sites were calculated using the statistical formulae. The present results clearly indicate that the flower visiting insects are very less in numbers on three flowering species and index values were decreased. This study is a preliminary assessment of flower visiting insects diversity but further researches are needed in relation to pollination efficiencies of flower visiting insects and biochemical and genetic damage study of flowers as well as air pollution load by using instruments. It was concluded that three flowering species viz. sunflower, petunia and bougainvillea are very common both the parks but insect visitors are common but present less in number, which may be due to the vehicular pollution and/or human interference and/or landscape changes due to nearby neighborhood blocks, office and residential buildings etc.
The present review deals with the bioactive compounds of the marine non-chordates. The potent medicinal usage of the bioactive compounds viz. steroids, terpenoids, isoprenoid and non-isoprenoid compounds, quinones, brominated compounds, nitrogen heterocyclics and nitrogen-sulphur heterocyclics from marine non-chordates have been compiled. Various literatures survey revealed that the bioactive compounds isolated in recent past from the marine poriferans, cnidarians, annelids, arthropods, molluscs and echinoderms could be rich sources of therapeutic agents having antibacterial, antiinflamatory, anticarcinogenic properties. In overall, the present study will be benefitted to know global drug discovery researches on bioactive compounds from marine organisms for students, scholars, scientists, pharmaceutical sector, and government regulating authorities as new challenging technology in clinical applications through medicines.
Flower visiting insects attract by the flowers colour, shape, size and fragrance as pollinator. This is a mutual relationship between flowers and insects. The present study aims to know behavioural response or ethology of flower visiting insect in relation to particular flower and/or probable atmospheric changes in two managed parks, Kolkata, India. The study areas were selected as per heavily-populated neighborhoods, nearby office buildings, nearby roads and continuous vehicular movements, human interactions as visitors. The study was carried out at 2 sampling stations viz (i) Elliot park and (ii) Agri-Horticulture Society. The flower species were selected viz. Helianthus annuus (sunflower), Petunia sp. (petunia) and Buganvilia spectabilis (Buganvilia) planting above mentioned areas because these species are more common among other species. In each flower, behavioural response or ethology of visiting insects were studied by visual observation and total 10 flowers of each species were observed randomly. The present results clearly indicate that various insects were majorly showed foraging and feeding behaviour and only mating behaviour was found in two species. This study is a preliminary assessment of flower visiting insects’ ethology but further researches are needed in relation to pollination efficiencies of flower visiting insects in the particular flower and air pollution load nearby area by using instruments. It was concluded that insect visitors are showing foraging and feeding behavior but only two species were showed mating behaviour, which may be due to the vehicular air pollution because two parks are located nearby roads and continuous vehicular movements were observed.
The trees of parks and gardens support many species, the survival of urban-dwelling species mainly bird species. Birds amongst other species provide a wide range of environmental and social functions to cities and urban dwellers. The present study aims to know bird diversity in two parks as bioindicator of automobile air pollution exposure, landscape changes and/or human interactions. The study areas were selected as per heavily-populated neighborhoods, nearby office buildings, nearby roads and continuous vehicular movements, human interactions as visitors, where high levels of human disturbance are common. The study was carried out at 2 sampling stations viz (i) Elliot park and (ii) Agri-horticulture Society. The bird species diversity was studied by qualitative and quantitative assessment. Indices were Species richness, Index of Dominance, Relative abundance, Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index and Evenness Index for birds for all selected sites were calculated using the statistical formulae. The present results as bioindicators bird species clearly indicate that the bird species are very few in numbers in both the parks. When comparison made between both the parks, it was observed less number of bird varieties (16 types) in Elliot park than varieties (9 types) more less in number in Agri-horticulture society. This study is a preliminary assessment of bird diversity but further researches are needed in relation to biochemical and genetic damage study as well as air pollution load by using instruments. In the present study it was concluded that the less numbers of birds and their different diversity indices were found a decreasing trends, though there no attempt has been made on physico-chemical properties of present air pollutants. The less number of varieties of bird species are as tolerant bioindicators, which may be due to the vehicular pollution and/or human interference and/or landscape changes due to nearby neighborhood blocks, office and residential buildings, continuous movement of vehicles etc.
The present study aims to detect morphological abnormalities in Zygnema sp. because this test species have high adaptive capacity in unfavourable environmental stress. This alga is inhabited at the suburban bank of river Ganga, West Bengal, India. The study was done at experimental sites, downstream at Khardah near sewage water mixing area was compared with upstream control site Kalyani as no sewage water discharge. External and internal abnormal morphology such as undulating or wavy and extra outgrowth on cell wall, sometimes bending inwardly and outwardly as external deformities while internal anomalies such as pigment loss, nucleus was in circular, rectangular, oval and amoeboid shapes, also vacuolated and trilobed, broom like chloroplasts and central part of the thallas dried in between two segments. It was observed that this test species was surviving and well adapted with above mentioned deformities. The present preliminary study with Zygnema sp. can be utilized for in situ and ex situ indicator species for riverine biomonitoring. Further research may be relevant to know both tolerant and sensitive algae species inhabited at the river Ganga bank alongwith biochemical and genetic parameters. The present work is suggesting that other inhabiting algae and this adaptive test species can be used for bioremediation of pollutants.
Painkiller drugs or analgesics are potent pain reliever chemical agents, which are commonly used in pain therapy. Mathematical modeling by QSAR (quantitative structure activity relationship) methods are well known practices to determine predictive toxicity in biota. Now-adays, an easy screening of chemicals, QSAR can be done by using several recommended softwares. The present study was carried out by using software namely T.E.S.T. (Toxicity estimation software tool) for rat oral LD50 (median lethal dose) predictive toxicity for common painkiller drugs. These painkiller drugs were selected as 35 compounds and tabulated on the basis characteristics of one non-narcotic viz. acetaminophen, twenty non-steroidal anti-inflammatory such as bromofenac, diclofenac, diflunsial, etodolac, fenoprofen, flurbiprofen, ibuprofen, indomethacin, ketoprofen, ketorolac, maclofenamate sodium, mefenamic acid, meloxicam, nabumetone, naproxen, oxaprozin, phenylbutazone, piroxicam, sulindac and tolmetin as well as fourteen narcotic viz. buprenorphine, butorphanol, codeine, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, levorphanol, meperidine, methadone, morphine, nalbuphine, oxycodone, pentazocine, dextropropoxyphene and tapentadol. The data were tabulated on experimental (bioassay) from ChemIDPlus and T.E.S.T. and predictive toxicity of 30 compounds out of 35 compounds by using T.E.S.T. The predictive data were found by T.E.S.T. that 20 and 10 compounds were very toxic and moderately toxic respectively but not extremely, super toxic and non-toxic in rat model after acute oral exposure. It is suggested to evaluate the predicted data further with other available recommended softwares with different test models like daphnia, fish etc. to know aquatic toxicity when these compounds may discharge into waterbodies.
The present study deals with biomonitoring to know mollusc species as an indicator. In the present study, presence, absence and abundance of particular gastropod and bivalve species were identified in the different banks of river Ganga. The study was carried out at two experimental sites, Sodepur (Exp-1) and Khardah (Exp-2), West Bengal, India as the area exhibits a major sewage water outfall in the river compared with upstream control site, Kalyani (Cont-1) and downstream control site, Batanagar (Cont-1). The present biomonitoring shows qualitatively and quantitatively that in experimental no mollusc species were observed near the wastewater discharge area into the bank of river Ganga at Khardah while both sites of the sewage discharge area into the bank of river Ganga at Sodepur particular gastropod Bellamya sp. were observed when compared to control area. The highest variety and total nos of gastropods and bivalves (280 nos) were recorded in the upstream at Kalyani and lowest variety and total nos of only gastropods (150 nos) were recorded in the downstream at Batanagar. The present biomonitoring work was a preliminary observation to know sensitive and tolerant or accumulator mollusc species in the bank of river Ganga from a stretch of Kalyani (upstream) to Batanagar (downstream) in between urban wastewater discharge area (Sodepur and Khardah). Further researches must be relevant in relation to biomarker assessment with the physico-chemical factors and stress tolerant detoxification mechanism of particular mollusc species.
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