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Prevalence of mecA, blaZ, tetO/K/M, ermA/B/C, aph, and vanA/B/C/D genes conferring resistance to oxacillin, penicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, gentamicin, and vancomycin was investigated in 65 staphylococcal isolates belonging to twelve species obtained from ready-to-eat porcine, bovine, and chicken products. All coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) and S. aureus isolates harbored at least one antibiotic resistance gene. None of the S. aureus possessed more than three genes, while 25% of the CNS isolates harbored at least four genes encoding resistance to clinically used antibiotics. In 15 CNS isolates the mecA gene was detected, while all S. aureus isolates were mecA-negative. We demonstrate that in ready-to-eat food the frequency of CNS harboring multiple antibiotic resistance genes is higher than that of multiple resistant S. aureus, meaning that food can be considered a reservoir of bacteria containing genes potentially contributing to the evolution of antibiotic resistance in staphylococci.
The genus Arcobacter was included in the family Campylobacteraceae in 1991, and currently consists of fourteen species, of which A. butzlerii, A. cryaerophilus, and A. skirrowii have been associated with human and animal diseases. Arcobacter spp. have been isolated from food, mainly from products of animal origin, with the highest prevalence in chickens, followed by pork and beef. The bacteria have been commonly detected in chicken carcasses and in the intestinal content of birds. The faecal contamination is regarded as the main route of transmission of Arcobacter spp. into poultry carcasses. Additionally, these bacteria can attach to water pipes and are able to survive in the slaughterhouse environment under chilled conditions. Apart from poultry and other meat, Arcobacter spp. have been isolated from drinking water reservoirs, sewage, faeces of healthy animals and from animals affected by various diseases, including abortion, mastitis, septicaemia, and enteritis. Recent evidence suggests that Arcobacter spp., especially A. butzleri, may be involved in human enteric diseases. Occasionally, these bacteria have also been found in cases of human extraintestinal diseases. Until present, little is known about the infection dose, mechanisms of pathogenicity, and virulence factors of Arcobacter spp. Consumption of raw or poorly cooked contaminated food of animal origin, mainly poultry, is the most likely source of human poisoning. The actual role of Arcobacter spp. in human diseases is probably underestimated because of the lack of standardized identification methods and routine detection procedures.
W badaniach określono stopień zanieczyszczenia wybranych środków spożywczych pochodzenia zwierzęcego pałeczkami Salmonella i Listeria spp.
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