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The decision to increase the share of logs in softwood appropriated for saw mills may be taken only after introduction of changes to turnover in that raw product. The issue calls of interdisciplinary preparations embracing identification of measurement principles, total tree volume calculation and timber quality.
This work is a continuation of studies on consequences of enforcement of European standards. Differences in requirements provided by Polish and European standards will decrease the share of higher quality grades (A and B) in large-size spruce timber. This tendency has become even more visible in case of large-size fir timber. Only some 10% of timber, as provided by Polish WA and WB standards, will be assigned to grades A and B.
Paper presents analysis of differences in conventional wood density of Scots pine measured at breast height regarding the geographical location of stands, forest habitat type, stand age and associated parameters such as density in the mid−length of the stem, density in the upper end of the stem and diameter at breast height. To investigate the impact of these factors, an analysis of covariance was used in accordance with two models specifically developed for this purpose. We found dependence of conventional wood density on the type of forest habitat and geographical location of the stand. The highest density was detected in dry coniferous forests, while the smallest in fresh mixed coniferous forests. Scots pine wood from Zielona Góra Forest (western Poland) characterised with the highest density, while from the Knyszyn Primeval Forest (eastern Poland)− with the lowest.
A review of the existing scientific literature regarding world trade and foreign direct investment (FDI), both theoretical and empirical, demonstrates the existence of a growing link between international business and protection of the natural environment, in both positive and negative directions. Some authors voice the opinion that accelerated deregulation and trade liberalization play a particularly important role in this relationship. Environmental norms and standards play a significant role in determining the competitiveness of goods and products on the international market. There are a number of different norms and standards concerning environmental management and the implementation of systems of environmental management. Among the most significant is the EMAS system and the concept of an integrated environmental management system according to ISO 14001 that is based on the fundamental elements of the Total Quality Management (TQM) idea. In light of the explosive expansion of international trade in environmental services that promote “clean” technologies and production equipment, a firm’s proper environmental policies may have a positive effect on the international competitiveness of its products and services, yielding an advantage to those producers and exporters who first initiate and implement them. The aims of this paper are: -to analyze the general impact of international business on the environment in transition economies, -to present the results of macroeconomic comparative research concerning changes in the export and import positions of two selected groups of goods and products in countries which have undergone systemic transformation, -to examine motives of foreign investors for investing in CEE countries connected with environmental issues and to analyze environmental protection strategies implemented by foreign investors, their participation in environmental protection programs and the influence of these activities on the competitiveness of foreign firms, and -to present the results of a survey of 286 enterprises in Poland concerning the relationship between the application of European and international environmental norms and standards and the enterprises’ competitiveness in both domestic and foreign markets prior to Poland’s entrance to the European Union.
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