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Control of development of gastrointestinal system in neonates

80%
Our recent studies of structure and function of gastrointestinal tract mucosa revealed that the domestification of Sus scrofa corresponds with the significant slowing of the organ development. On top of genetic potential, the nutritional factors (or more precisely - lack of certain biologically active substances in the feed of pregnant sows) are responsible. Moreover, feeding neonates with milk replacers instead of mother's milk further slows down the development. This is manifested by reduced mitotic activity in the crypts and enhanced apoptosis of enterocytes. The negative effects consist of slower replacement of fetal type, vacuolated enterocytes to adult type enterocytes, modified profile of brush border enzymes, alterations in intestinal mucosa barrier, higher susceptibility to infectious agents, and many others. On the other hand, farmers in order to intensify the production, shorten the suckling period imposing the neonatal piglets to be weaned at 3-4 weeks of life and even earlier. Altogether, it makes the weaning disorders one of the most important problems in pig husbandry, and the mortality of piglets in the leading pig-producing countries still reaches 10%. A number of strategies have been developed to counteract the post-weaning problems. One of them is to stimulate the development of the gastrointestinal tract of the neonate by supplementation of the sow diet with certain biologically active substances and plants. The other idea is to speed up the postnatal development of the gut mucosa for example by plant lectins. Lessons from pig studies can be also useful in human nutrition and medicine since the development of porcine gastrointestinal tract shows a great similarity to that of humans.
Feeding of neonates with artificial milk formulas delays the maturation of the gastrointestinal mucosa. Na-butyrate has a complex trophic effect on the gastrointestinal epithelium in adults. The present study aimed to determine the effect of milk formula supplementation with Na-butyrate on the gut mucosa in neonatal piglets. Sixteen 3 day old piglets were randomly divided into two groups: control (C, n = 8), and Na-butyrate (B, n = 8). Animals were feed for 7 days with artificial milk formula alone (C) or supplemented with Na-butyrate (B). At the 10th day of life the piglets were sacrificed and whole thickness samples of the upper gut were taken for analyses. Administration of Na-butyrate led to significant increase in daily body weight gain as compared to control. In the duodenum, the villi length and mucosa thickness were reduced, however, in the distal jejunum and ileum, the crypt depth, villi length and mucosa thickness were increased in Na-butyrate supplemented piglets as compared to control. Supplementation with Na-butyrate did not affect the intestinal brush border enzyme activities but increased plasma pancreatic polypeptide and cholecystokinin concentrations. These results suggest that supplementation with Na-butyrate may enhance the development of jejunal and ileal mucosa in formula-fed piglets.
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