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Heavy mineral assemblages were studied in onshore sandy deposits from the 26 December 2004 tsunami on Kho Khao Island, southern Thailand. The most common minerals included tourmalines, zircon, muscovite, biotite, limonites and opaque minerals. An abundance of micas and depletion in tourmalines allowed us to distinguish the tsunami deposits from modern beach sediments and pre-tsunami soils. Major lateral and vertical changes in the studied profiles were related to an increase in flake-shaped micas upward in the tsunami sequence as well as landward. These variations, although documented for one grain size fraction, corresponded well with changes in the grain size distributions of the whole samples. The observed changes probably reflect wave hydrodynamics and a change in the sedimentation mode from bed-load deposition to settling of the suspended load.
Our paper presents selected short- and long-term environmental and geological impacts of the 26 De­cember 2004 tsunami on the Andaman Sea coast of Thailand. The tsunami inundated the coastal zone more than 1.5 km inland and above 10 m a.s.l., causing coastal erosion mainly in the nearshore zone, beaches, river mouths and peninsulas. The tsunami runup was significantly influenced by nearshore bathymetry. Almost the entire inundation zone was covered with up to 0.5 m tsunami-laid sand and silty sand layer bury­ing former soil. The layer has not eroded during subsequent rainy seasons and probably will be preserved in the geological record. The inland waters were salinated and the tsunami deposits were enriched in salts and bioavailable heavy metals and arsenic. Most of them were mobilized during rainy season. Sandy beaches - the most tsunami damaged coastal habitat, recovered quickly after the tsunami event. Also, most of the land vegetation recovered within one year after the tsunami.
On December 26th, 2004, a tsunami hit the Andaman Sea coast of Thailand, leaving bimodal tsunami deposits in the coastal zone. Granite boulders and sandy tsunami deposits were investigated near Thap Lamu Navy Base in Phang Nga Province, Thailand. Boulders (< 2.5m³) were mostly scattered close to a tidal inlet on a flat plain elevated 1-2m above the high tide water level, reaching up to 140m inland. Most boulders had oyster shell remnants over their surface, which suggests that they were dragged from the nearby shore. The tsunami also brought a sheet of medium to coarse grained sand, with thickness ranging from a few mm up to 37cm. The distribution of deposits was mainly controlled by the existing topography. Another group of granite boulders was found between 150 and 300m from the coastline, at elevations of 2m and more. Their size reached 5.5m³. This second group of boulders may have been transported by an ancient tsunami.
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