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1

CCTV enables the discovery of new barbastelle (Barbastella barbastellus) vocalisations and activity patterns near a roost

100%
Young S., Carr A., Jones G.
Acta Chiropterologica
|
2018
|
tom 20
|
nr 1
We monitored a barbastelle (Barbastella barbastellus) maternity roost for four months using a portable CCTV system, time synchronised with ultrasound recorders. We discovered three patterns of vocal activity not previously described. When barbastelles investigated the roost entrance, calls resembling the approach phase of echolocation were produced consisting of a group of 10 or more broadband pulses of low amplitude, not detected more than a few metres from the roost. The other two distinct vocal patterns were produced during swarming around the roost tree. The first consisted of broadband pulses which were similar to those in the approach pattern, but which tended to be produced in a dynamic group rather than a fixed pattern. They were of higher amplitude than the approach echolocation pulses and were considered to be swarming echolocation pulses. This pattern frequently morphed into sequences containing social calls with a quasi-constant frequency (QCF) tail of very high amplitude. These social calls were likely produced to warn approaching bats on a potential collision course, similar to calls previously described in other species as ‘honking’. In addition to these three vocalisations, standard echolocation pulses were emitted, as well as hooked calls presumably having a social context. These latter two vocalisations were less commonly recorded in our study. Pulse duration was shortest for approach echolocation and longest for the hooked social calls. Amplitude was lowest for approach echolocation and highest for swarming honking calls. The QCF tail in swarming honking was steeper than for swarming social calls. CCTV video evidence (by motion detection) proved invaluable for relating behaviour to call type.
2

Anthocyanin production in the hyperaccumulator plant Noccaea caerulescens in response to herbivory and zinc stress

76%
Asad S. A., Muhammad S., Farooq M., Afzal A., Broadley M., Young S., West H.
Acta Physiologiae Plantarum
|
2015
|
tom 37
|
nr 01
In the current study, potential involvement of anthocyanins in the defence of the Zn hyperaccumulator plant, Noccaea caerulescens, was investigated in two independent glasshouse experiments. Plants were grown in compost amended with a range of Zn concentrations. In the first experiment, foliar herbivory was simulated by clipping the shoots with scissors, whilst in second experiment, plants were subjected to natural herbivory by thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis). In both experiments, foliar Zn concentrations were approximately twice as high as that applied to the soil, indicating accumulation occurred. In the clipping experiment, foliar anthocyanin concentrations decreased by 22–45 % with increasing soil Zn amendments and clipping increased anthocyanin concentrations by 17–24 % relative to unclipped plants. In a thrips feeding experiment, Zn treatment had little effect on anthocyanin content although there was a trend towards increased anthocyanin production in plants grown at the lower concentrations of Zn. Anthocyanin concentration increased by 49–52 % in N. caerulescens leaves subjected to thrip attack compared to that of thrip-free shoots. Thus, anthocyanins increased as a result of foliar damage (manual clipping and natural herbivory) and generally decreased with enhanced Zn concentrations. Foliar glucosinolate concentrations were higher in ungrazed leaves than in grazed leaves of the same thrip-infested plants, whilst anthocyanin production was higher in the grazed leaves. The possibility of an interaction between glucosinolate and anthocyanin production resulting from herbivory is discussed.
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