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Alcohol addiction involves dysregulation of the glutamatergic system. Here, we tested the role of Arc, one of the key regulators of the glutamatergic transmission, in the regulation of alcohol addiction. We observed that Arc KO mice drink as much alcohol as wild-type (WT) animals, but they are more persistent in alcohol seeking during alcohol withdrawal and relapse induced by alcohol-associated cues. Furthermore, we found that Arc protein is upregulated at the synapses of Basolateral (BLA) and Central Amygdala (CeA) (but not DG or CA1 of the hippocampus) in WT mice after withdrawal from long-term alcohol training. To test the function of Arc in the amygdala, we developed and tested gRNAs for Arc knockdown with CrispR/Cas9 system. The most efficient gRNA was introduced on AAV vector together with CrispR/Cas9 into CeA and mice were trained to drink alcohol or sucrose. The mice with local indel mutation of arc gene were more persistent in alcohol seeking during cue-induced relapse, had decreased levels of Arc protein in CeA, and increased levels of AMPA receptor subunit GluR2, as compared to the control animals. Local mutation of arc did not affect sucrose seeking and consumption. In conclusion, our data show the novelrole of Arc protein in CeA, as a specific regulator of alcohol seeking during relapse induced by alcohol‑associated cues.
Alcohol addiction is a chronic, psychiatric disease defined by compulsive alcohol drinking and seeking. Long-term alcohol intake induces aberrant synaptic plasticity in the amygdala and striatum as well as enhanced c-Fos expression in the central nucleus of amygdala (CeAmy). Interestingly, human studies have implicated matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), whose gene is regulated by c-Fos, in alcohol addiction. Notably, recently critical role of MMP-9 in reward-driven learning as well as synaptic plasticity has been revealed. In the present study we aimed at elucidating a role of MMP-9 in alcohol addiction in mice. First, we analyzed the effects of MMP-9 levels on the dendritic spine morphology in the CeAmy of C57BL/6 wild type (WT) and mice lacking MMP-9 (MMP-9 KO). Next, to verify the role of MMP-9 in alcohol addiction we subjected WT, MMP-9 KO and heterozygous mice to behavioral tests in the Intellicage system, previously shown to be suitable to investigated addictive behaviors. Dendritic spine analysis of the CeAmy revealed that MMP-9 KO mice have longer and thinner dendritic spines than WT mice. Preliminary data analysis from the Intellicages showed there were no differences between MMP-9-KO and WT mice during first hour and first day activity, as well as in neophobia. Currently we are investigating the pattern of development of the alcohol addiction, to evaluate the role of MMP-9 in aversive aspects of this behavior.
Subject and purpose of work: The aim of this work is to present the possibilities of cultivating varieties of industrial hemp which are registered in Poland in areas of high nature value. Materials and methods: This work is a type of overview; it describes characteristic features of areas of high nature value. It also presents specific biological properties, cultivation and agrotechnical requirements, as well as the versatility of industrial hemp usage. Results: This study demonstrated considerable importance of industrial hemp in developing areas of high nature value, in accordance with the idea of sustainable development. Conclusions: Due to the specific biological properties of industrial hemp, its low cultivation and agrotechnical requirements and lack of the need to use pesticides, industrial hemp can be successfully grown in areas of high nature value.
Subject and purpose of work: The work is of a review character. The present paper aims to introduce basic definitions related to degradation and reclamation of the areas with lower use value, and also to present the most important species of perennial energy crops, which can be possibly used in the reclamation of degraded soils. Materials and methods: This work is based on collected information concerning soil degradation, perennial energy crops and their use in the reclamation. Results and conclusions: Characteristics of recommended species of perennial energy crops to a reclamation of degraded soils: willow, Virginia fanpetals, the Jerusalem artichoke, giant miscanthus, amur silver-grass, prairie cordgrass, rosa rugose, black locust, ashleaf maple has been presented. The analysis of the soil degradation in Lublin Voivodeship has been based on the professional literature. On that basis, the plants which would be the best in the reclamation of this area have been chosen. This work also takes into account the estimated costs of establishing plantations of these plants
Alpha calcium and calmoduline-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) is the major protein in glutamateric neurons in the forebrain. Its activity is regulated by autophosphorylation on the threonine 286. CaMKII-T286A mutant mice have severe defi cits in context memory formation. They form fear memory of the context in fear conditioning task only after very intensive training with 5 shocks. Here we present the data showing that foreground fear conditioning training does not induce expression of any of the analysed immediate early genes (c-Fos, Zif268, Nur77 or JunB) in CaMKII-T286A mutant mice. Furthermore, long-term fear memory in the mutants cannot be blocked by administration of mRNA or protein synthesis inhibitors (actinomycin D or anisomycin) into dorsal hippocampus. Moreover, as revealed by Illumina microarrays, fear memory training does not induce context-shock association specifi c expression in the hippocampus. On the other hand, the training of the CaMKII-T286A mutant mice induces in the hippocampus expression of locally-translated proteins, Arc and PSD-95. In addition, both training-induced PSD-95 expression and long-term fear memory can be blocked by intrahippocampal administration of rapamycin (inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin kinase, the main regulator of local translation). Thus, our data strengthen the notion that local translation of PSD-95 in the dorsal hippocampus is the mechanism of long-term memory formation in the absence of alpha CaMKII autophosphorylation.
INTRODUCTION: The reproducibility of behavioural tests has been improved by the introduction of a number of automated experimental systems. One of such systems is IntelliCage™, which allows for sophisticated experimental designs. Despite the improved reproducibility of experiments, reported results may be rendered irreproducible due to errors introduced by manual data analysis and not standardized reporting of analysis methods. The efficiency of manual analysis is also an issue. AIM(S): Our aim was to facilitate development of automated workflows for reproducible analysis of data yielded by the IntelliCage™ system. METHOD(S): We developed an open source Python library (PyMICE – RRID:nlx_158570) providing IntelliCage™ data as collection of data structures. We have described the library and presented some examples of its use in a paper. According to the literate programming paradigm, the paper was composed of Python and LaTeX snippets. Pweave tool has been used to weave the paper. RESULTS: All analyses contained in our paper “PyMICE – a Python library for analysis of IntelliCage data” (accepted by Behavior Research Methods) are fully reproducible. The source code of the paper (https://github.com/Neuroinflab/PyMICE_SM) does not contain any plots. Instead, they may be easily reproduced by the reader. Also, the correctness of performed analyses may be easily verified. CONCLUSIONS: We propose PyMICE as a common platform for implementing and sharing automated analysis workflows for IntelliCage™ data. The library is a user-friendly tool for analysis of behavioural data in an automated workflow. Such workflow is an unambiguous, formal specification of the performed analysis. The analysis itself may be easily reproduced by simply reapplying the workflow to the same data. Such workflow may be used to perform exactly the same analysis for multiple datasets, e.g. when the same protocol is applied to multiple groups of animals. This is a very common case, as most of experiments have at least one experimental and one control group. FINANCIAL SUPPORT: JD, KR and SŁ supported by a Symfonia NCN grant UMO-2013/08/W/NZ4/00691. AP supported by a grant from Switzerland through the Swiss Contribution to the enlarged European Union (PSPB-210/2010 to Ewelina Knapska and Hans-Peter Lipp). KR and ZH supported by an FNP grant POMOST/2011-4/7 to KR.
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The aim of this study is to present the role of fabaceae plants in ecological farms in Lubelskie Voivodeship. The study has been written based on the literature research on the subject, mandatory legal acts, statistical data on ecological farming. In the implementation of the environmental policy, Poland has adopted a sustainable and balanced development strategy, according to which the obligation to protect the environment is part of the proper farming (Jaśkiewicz 2008). A particular way of farming that is the most environmental friendly is ecological farming. Lublin Voivodeship has a special predisposition to the development of organic production (Kasztelan 2010). A valuable element of environmental friendly farming are Fabaceae plants. Their cultivation does not threaten the natural environment, as on Agrotechnik these plants consists of little treatments. Using plants Fabaceae with atmospheric nitrogen significantly reduces the fertilization component (Gaweł 2011). Despite the multiple benefits of growing Fabaceae plants, their share in the crop structure, however, is small.
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