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Eating establishments were always thought of as either secondary elements of tourism or as just important tourist facilities (Page 1995; Kowalczyk 2000; Kowalczyk, Derek 2010). Nowadays, however, restaurants, bars, cafes etc. have also become tourist attractions in their own right, and in urban areas too. Their development and localisation have been discussed in tourism literature. This paper explores the phenomenon of the development of eating establishments in Warsaw's central borough, Śródmieście. The specific objects of this study are to: investigate how the development of eating establishments has been changing for the past 20 years and what are its latest trends, to identify the main ethnic cuisines served in the restaurants and bars and to investigate the spatial distribution of ethnic food within the city centre. In order to achieve these goals a database of ethnic restaurants and bars was constructed. The establishments were identified while conducting fieldwork in October 2013 with the support of the students of the Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies. The results of the study were compared to similar research undertaken in 1994, 2001 and 2003 (Rokicka-Donica 1995; Kowalczyk, Kaczorek 2003; Brożek 2007), so we can see the latest trends and developments of eating establishments in the central part of Warsaw. The research undertaken has shown there were a total of 1084 eating establishments in Śródmieście. Restaurants, bars and cafes were the most numerous (32%, 24% and 19% respectively; see Fig. 1). The increase in clubs and cafes is an especially important trend (see Table 1). In the paper particular attention is given to establishments serving ethnic food and Polish cuisine. Ethnic restaurants and bars are very popular in Warsaw, even though - unlike many European metropolises - it is not rich in ethnic diversity and ethnic districts. The research shows a total of 64 establishments serving Polish cuisine in the central borough of Warsaw. They were located mainly in the most important tourist area, The Old Town. There were 191 ethnic restaurants and bars, constituting 31% of all eating establishments in the borough. The biggest concentration of them was in the business part of the borough (Fig. 2). It illustrates that establishments serving ethnic food are predominantly used by workers and local residents.
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Rozwój historyczny Powiśla

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The management and the functions of Powiśle district in Warsaw have always been closely associated with the Vistula river. Powiśle (literally near-the-Vistula) is a district in Warsaw's central borough, Śródmieście. It is located between the Vistula river and its escarpment. Development periods of Powiśle can be divided into three main phases. The first, pre-industrial period, ended at the end of the 18th century. At the turn of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the area became industrialized, and the industrial period lasted until the early 20th century. Then, the factories started to be re-localised to more favourable terrain for them, primarily to the districts adjacent to the city centre: Wola and Praga. Powiśle gradually be gan to move into a period of post-industrial development in the interwar period. After the transition to a market economy in 1990 these attractive riverside areas have begun to take their rightful place in the structure of the city. New investments ( e.g. the tunnel under Wisłostrada, the Copernicus Science Centre, the University of Warsaw Library, a metro station) helped to reintegrate the city and the river. Nowadays the changes are speeding up: there are not only more cafes and clubs, but also new offices and apartments.
The aim of the paper is the critical analysis of the current state of development of sailing facilities - marinas and berthing sites on the shores of the Great Masurian Lakes (Poland). The research is both of quantitative and qualitative character. Facilities and their capacity were counted and mapped. Field observations focused on how and by whom these facilities are used. The sailing trail of the Great Masurian Lakes consists of 32 interconnected lakes. 102 marinas with 6752 mooring places and 40 berthing sites (mooring places not counted) are situated on the shores of the lakes (fig. 1). Small and middle size ports dominate in the area (table 2). The shores of Sztynorckie, Niegocin, Tałty, Bełdany and Boczne are the most densely used (more than 20 mooring places per km of the shoreline, fig. 2). The highest number of mooring places is available in towns, with Giżycko being the biggest harbor of the Great Masurian Lakes. Although marinas in the study area are generally well equipped, terms of use of services vary highly. This could result in lower level of customers' satisfaction or in incorrect patterns of use. The project of ecomarinas - modern, nature friendly marinas is recently developed (fig. 3, 4 and 5). New objects have enhanced tourists facilities, but common rules of use of services has still to be developed. The pattern of tourist transfer between water and land depends on availability of services both in marinas and in their surroundings (fig. 6). Sailors who meet all their needs directly in marina are less willing to go outside. At the same time marina that offer wide range of entertainment or gastronomy amenities usually attract also land based tourists. The less services or tourist attractions are available outside, the more people tend to spend their time in the marina itself. Big marinas that offer big diversity of services, for example Sztynort, have high "absorption effect". If the marina has limited offer, but it is situated in an attractive and well developed area, tourists tend to penetrate into its surroundings. The lower is the diversity of facilities both in the harbor and its vicinity, the more homogeneous are users. For example berthing sites have usually just one function - they allow sailors to penetrate the shore. The majority of marinas in the Great Masurian Lakes tend to absorb tourist traffic rather than support further penetration. We suggest that construction of some simple berthing sites could increase transfer of tourists between water and land. This could help to expand tourism offer, make water tourism more profitable and contribute to a better sharing of natural and cultural va lues of the area.
Celem opracowania jest wykazanie istotnej roli turystyki jako czynnika rozwoju miast średniej wielkości w Polsce. Wykazano wpływ funkcji turystycznej miasta na wielkość budżetów miejskich, wydatki budżetowe i zamożność mieszkańców.
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