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This article presents various aspects of the use and evaluation of geochemical background for different environmental media with a brief discussion on the origins, historical and present context, and application of this and other related terms. This subject has become one of the most crucial issues in geochemistry and environmental sciences during the last few years because of its application to environmental protection, land management, ecotoxicology and geochemistry. Three approaches (methods) of geochemical background evaluation are discussed: (i) direct, (ii) indirect, and (iii) integrated. In response to a strong need to reduce a large number of methods applied to background assessment, a plausible methodology based on archival data, including the results derived from determinations of Mn, Pb, Zn for quartzites, soils and Pinus sylvestris needles, from the Holy Cross Mountains (Świętokrzyskie Mountains, south-central Poland) has been proposed. This methodology belongs to the integrated approach to the background evaluation. Samples were collected in relatively pristine areas and statistical data analysis (iterative 2σ-technique) was used to eliminate outliers from the original datasets.
Geoindicators enable us to assess the quality of the environment and to monitor anthropogenic impacts on different ecosystems. The results of geochemical studies of soils in the selected forest ecosystems of eastern Poland (performed during 1998–2003) indicated that the organic fermentative-humic (Ofh) soil subhorizon was characterized by increased accumulative capabilities of mercury, lead and presumably polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons compared to underlying soil horizons. Moreover, the subhorizon-Ofh constrains the migration of these chemical species. Due to a substantial diversity of forest soils in the temperate zone, it may be regarded as a good pollution geoindicator for temperate forest ecosystems.
In 2010–2011, the Sośnicowice Branch of the Institute of Plant Protection – National Research Institute conducted field and laboratory evaluations designed to test the potential use of insecticide Mospilan 20 SP (acetamipride) in tank mixtures with fungicides Impact 125 SC (flutriafole), Sparta 250 EW (tebuconazole) and Tebu 250 EW (tebuconazole) to protect forming pods and seeds of winter oilseed rape. In relation to the control, both the tested insecticide and its tank mixtures with the fungicides provided a significantly better control against Ceutorhynchus assimilis, caused an increase in the number of fully-formed pods and reduced the number of winter rape pods damaged by larvae of C. assimilis and Dasyneura brassicae, the fungus Botrytis cinerea and Alternariagenus fungi. Two tank mixtures tested in 2010 and all tank mixtures tested in 2011 caused significant increases of seed yield in relation to the control yield. The results of the physical and chemical analysis and a lack of visible phytotoxic effects allow for use of the tank mixtures in a broad range of agricultural practices.
Przedstawiono rozkład przestrzenny i stopień zmienności zawartości Fe i Mn w igłach i korze sosny zwyczajnej (Pinus sylvestris L.) oraz plechach epifitycznego porostu Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. na obszarze trzech polskich parków narodowych o zróżnicowanym wpływie zanieczyszczeń: Magurskiego, Świętokrzyskiego i Wigierskiego.
This report presents an assessment of pyrite weathering on the chemistry of water in the abandoned Podwiśniówka quarry of the Holy Cross Mountains (south-central Poland). This quarry did not operate for ore minerals, but for quartzites. The area of the pit pond enlarges each year generally as a result of an influx of spring snowmelt or heavy rainfall. The water examined reveals a very low pH, varying from 2.27 to 3.57 (with geometric mean value of 2.90), and unusual low concentrations of cations and anions, especially total Fe (2.7–24.0 mg·L⁻¹) and SO₄²⁻ (55–285 mg·L⁻¹). With regard to its chemistry, this pond is unique compared to similar sites in Poland and even throughout the world. The low pH and element concentrations are attributed to the specific mineralogy of ore and gangue minerals, as well as complex bacterially catalyzed geochemical processes that have encompassed pyrite oxidation and iron oxidation/hydrolysis reactions.
W artykule omówiono rozkład przestrzenny i stopień zmienności koncentracji Fe i Mn w glebach i skalach trzech parków narodowych - Magurskim, Świętokrzyskim i Wigierskim, w oparciu o opróbowanie w schemacie „sztangi" i obróbką statystyczną uzyskanych wyników przy użyciu metody ANOVA.
Reliable information that allows us to estimate the state of the environment and to forecast changes in the ecosystem are constantly required. Increasing environmental consciousness and dynamic development of analytical techniques are the main reasons for determining the wide range of pollutants occurring at very low concentrations in complex matrix samples. The presence and concentration of many of those pollutants in the environment are not yet subjected to legal regulations, so development of new methodologies to ensure good quality of results and their control are essential. This paper presents the target and development directions currently observed in environmental monitoring and biomonitoring. A lot of attention has been paid to a wide range of compounds that are endocrine disruptors. The overview of analytical approaches and procedures used to detect and to determine biologically active compounds can be found in this paper as well.
Over a period of three years, microbial communities in acidified soil with high sulfur content were analyzed. In soil water extracts ureolytic, proteolytic, oxidoreductive, and lipolytic activity were detected. The presented results indicate that the enzymatic activity of soil microbial communities varied considerably over time. Isolated 26 (80%) bacterial strains belonged to genus Bacillus sp. and were identified bycultivation and 16S rRNA methods. The commercially available procedures for bacterial DNA isolation from acidified soil failed, therefore a new, specific DNA isolation method was established. Ureolytic activity, detected in soil extracts as well as in isolated Bacillus sp. strains may be considered as a tool for the bioremediation of acidified soils with high sulfate content.
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