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The aim of this paper is to review current knowledge about the essentiality of trivalent chromium for animal and human nutrition, and its biological function with special reference to its role in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, dietary intake and recommendations.
Chia has been known for over 5,500 years. Chia seeds were one of the most important components of the diet of Mayas and Aztecs. The chemical composition and technological properties of chia give the plant a high nutritional potential. Chia is a good source of polyunsaturated fatty acids: omega-3 and omega-6, soluble dietary fiber. It also contains appreciable amount of proteins and phytochemicals. Nutritional value of chia is the reason why it is used in prophylaxis of several non-infectious diseases such as obesity, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), cancer and diabetes. Nutritional and therapeutic aspects of chia are currently being researched by many scientific centres. The aim of this article is to present the nutritional and therapeutic values of chia.
Celem niniejszej pracy było określenie wpływu żywienia dietą wysokotłuszczowej na wskaźniki ogólnowzrostowe i tkankowe poziomy Ca i Mg u szczura. Doświadczenie przeprowadzono na 16 szczurach Wistar, które żywiono przez 8 tygodni dietą kontrolną i wysokotluszczową (25% w/w). Po tym okresie zwierzęta uśpiono i pobrano narządy wewnętrzne do badań biochemicznych. Zawartość Ca i Mg w tkankach oznaczono metodą AAS, po uprzedniej mineralizacji próbek na mokro. Stwierdzono, że żywienie szczurów dietą wysokotłuszczową spowodowało istotnie większy przyrost masy ciała i efektywności żywienia, a zarazem spadek poziomu Mg w wątrobie, ale nie wpływało na tkankowe poziomy Ca.
Chromium(III) plays an important role in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, thus supplements containing this element are broadly advertised as efficient agents improving blood glucose levels or even reducing body mass. However, their hypoglycemic potential depends on the chemical form, bioavailability, dosage and the duration of treatment. Chromium(III) supplementation is generally considered safe although some data point to interaction of this ion with other elements. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of chromium(III) supplementation on tissue mineral content in rats fed highfructose diets. Nine-week old male Wistar rats were fed ad libitum with a standard diet (control) or a high-fructose diet to induce insulin resistance. Next, supplementary dosages of chromium(III) propionate complex (1.0 and 5.0 mg Cr kg–1 b.w. day–1) were introduced and rats were fed those diets for 4 weeks. It has been found that supplementary chromium(III) did not affect tissue calcium, iron and zinc levels, but significantly increased hepatic magnesium and copper level, while decreasing splenic copper level in rats fed high-fructose diets. Higher chromium(III) dosages increased content of this element in kidneys. In conclusion, short-term supplementation of chromium(III) propionate complex affects mineral homeostasis in the tissues of rats fed high-fructose diets; however, the mechanisms of such interactions are only partially known.
W pracy określono wpływ obecności i stężenia jonów Pb (II) i Cd (II) oraz stężenia substratu na aktywność pepsyny i trypsyny w warunkach in vitro. Stwierdzono znaczący wzrost aktywności pepsyny ze wzrostem stężenia jonów tych metali w układzie reakcyjnym, natomiast duży nadmiar substratu w stosunku do enzymu obniżał aktywność obu enzymów.
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Influence of dietary fibre on lead-intoxicated rats

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The factorial experiment (23) was used to study on influence of dietary fibre on rats intoxicated with lead. The experimental variables included: the source of fibre (fruit and corn), amount of fibre (50 and 150 g/kg diet), and lead level in the diet (200 and 400 mg/kg diet). The source of fibre was found to influence the relative liver weight, food transit time, apparent digestibility, and the spleen lead and hair lead contents in rats. The amount of fibre in the diet significantly affect- ed the diet intake (P<0.05), relative liver (P<0.05) and kidneys (P˂0.01) weights, apparent digestibility (P˂0.01), stool dry output (P˂0.01), and the inner organ and tissue lead contents (P<0.01) in rats. Dietary lead level influenced the fecal excretion of lead, tissue and organ lead contents, and the total body retention of lead.
Sweetleaf (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni), currently investigated by many researchers, has been known and used for more than a thousand years indigenous tribes of South America, who called it “kaa-hee” (“sweet herb”). Thanks to its chemical composition and processability sweetleaf may be an alternative for synthetic sweeteners. Nutritional and health-promoting aspects of Stevia rebaudiana are presently being studied in many research centres. The aim of this study is to present nutritional and health-promoting value of the still-little known sweetleaf.
The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of the concentration of Al3+ ions and the substrate/enzyme ratio on pepsin and trypsin activity in vitro. The experimental design was a combination of three Al3+ ion concentrations (0.25; 2.5 and 25.0 μg Al3+/ml of reaction solution) and two substrate/enzyme ratios (S/E = 10 and 100 for pepsin, and 100 and 1000 for trypsin). Enzymatic activity was determined by the Folin method based on the reaction of tyrosine with the Folin reagent. It was found that the concentration of Al3+ ions influenced activity of pepsin which increased with the increasing metal ion concentration in the reaction milieu. Al3+ ions did not affect activity of trypsin. Proteolitic activity of pepsin and trypsin depended on substrate/enzyme ratio. Higher concentration of substrate decreased efficacy of enzymatic protein breakdown in vitro.
In the factorial 23 design male Wistar rats were fed ad libitum diets supplemented with dietary fibre preparations (fruit and maize preparations; 50 and 150 g/kg diet) and intoxicated with lead acetate per os (200 and 400 mgPb/kg diet) for 5 weeks. At the end of the study, rats were anaesthetised and hair, liver, kidney, spleen, and femoral bone were dissected for chemical analysis. It was found that: quantity of fibre in the diet significantly affected inner organ and tissue lead contents in the rats. Dietary lead levels influenced all analysed tissue and organ lead contents and the total body retention of lead in the rats. Positive correlations were found between hair lead and inner organs lead (r = 0.35) and bone lead (r = 0.35), and total body lead burden lead (r = 0.40). This paper was presented in the 19th Workshop "Mengen - und Spurenelemente", Jena, Germany, December 3-4, 1999.
Background. The widespread and increasing occurrence of obesity, hypertension and associated disease has necessitated serial testing in order that risks of contracting such conditions become minimised through appropriate therapy and prevention. Many studies report that nutritional factors significantly affect the aetiology of hypertension and obesity that include mineral uptake. There are only a few studies however which are focused on the body’s changing mineral content during pharmaco-therapeutic treatment. Objectives. To determine concentrations of minerals in the hair and urine of hypertensive patients in conjunction with assessing their nutrition. Material and Methods. Subjects were 17 patients presenting with essential hypertension and 18 healthy controls. Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) was used to measure Mg, Ca, Fe, Zn and Cu in the hair and urine on a Zeiss AAS-3 instrument. Dietary mineral intakes were assessed by interview over 24 hours prior to the analysis. Results. The hypertensive group had significantly lower urine concentrations of Ca and Mg as well as Mg and Zn in hair. Urinary zinc excretion was significantly increased in this group compared to controls, but dietary intakes of Cu were reduced. The dietary mineral intakes were found to be unrelated to the concentrations of such minerals in the hair and urine. Conclusions. Compared to controls, excretion of Ca and Mg were reduced in hypertensive subjects, whereas Zn excretion was higher, and Mg and Zn were relatively low in the hair. Daily dietary intakes of Cu were also reduced in the hypertensive.
The content of sodium and potassium in representative daily food rations reconstructed on the basis of the 24-recall method (4983 questionnaires) of adult population of the Wielkopolska region was determined by the AAS method. The results were compared with the minimal RDA for adults. It was found that the daily sodium intake exceeded the RDA for women and men, while the daily potassium intake approached the minimal RDA for this element.
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