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The role of ABA in chilling tolerance (CT) of maize seedling has been reinvestigated using a set of new maize inbred lines with defined differences in CT. Under chilling conditions (4°C) the ABA level increased in all lines investigated. This increase was significantly higher in the chilling tolerant lines than in sensitive ones. Between ABA level and extent of chilling injury a significant relationship was observed. ABA level correlated negatively with percent necrotic injury (-0.604**) and positively with qP (0.606**). Thus, the study clearly indicates a relationship between the ABA accumulation under chilling stress and extent of injury in maize according to the hypothesis that CT in maize is related to the ability for the accumulation of ABA under chilling stress conditions.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the changes in ABA level during recovery from chilling treatment and to evaluate a possible role of ABA in the recovery process. Experiments were carried out on twenty maize inbred lines with well-known differences in chill tolerance. Seedlings at the third-leaf stage were exposed for 2 d to chilling treatment at 4°C and then recovered for 2 d at 20°C. On the day before transferring the plants to 4°C, after chilling and after recovery, measurements of effective quantum yield of PS II (ФpsII) by fluo- rometer and determinations of ABA content by ELISA in the third leaves were performed. Necrotic injury (N1) of the seedlings was estimated visually after the recovery period. During chilling treatment the ABA level in the sensitive and medium-tolerant genotypes doubled, whereas it increased fourfold in the tolerant ones compared to pre-stress levels. However, during the two days of recovery from chilling at 20°C the ABA level in the tolerant genotypes returned to pre-stress levels, whereas in the sensitive genotypes the ABA level remained high. The correlations between ABA level, NI and ФpsII after the recovery period were completely opposite to those during the chill treatment. The higher the ABA level was during the recovery period, the higher was the extent of necrotic injury of the seedlings (r = 0.683**) and the lower was ФpsII (r = - 0.838**) after the recovery period. The results indicate that the ability of the chill tolerant maize genotypes for rapid and high ABA accumulation under chilling conditions is connected with the ability to quickly restore the normal ABA level after chilling ends. In contrast, the small ABA accumulation during chilling in the sensitive genotypes is accompanied by the very slow restoration of the normal ABA level upon rewarming. Since the observed genotype-specific accumulation of ABA during chilling contributes to the degree of chill tolerance, the rate of ABA metabolism after chilling may also be important for the recovery from chilling stress.
Laboratory studies have showed higher ABA accumulation in seedlings of the chilling tolerant genotypes than in the sensitive ones during low temperature exposure. On the basis of these results the hypothesis was developed that chilling tolerance (CT) in maize is related to the ability for fast and pronounced formation and accumulation of ABA as a protective agent against chilling injury. Presented in the paper measurements of ABA levels in maize seedlings under complex field conditions during natural spring cold waves at two sites of Europe confirmed the results from growth rooms. The chilling tolerant maize lines accumulated under field conditions more ABA than the sensitive ones during spring cold periods. Moreover, the data from field conditions show that the ABA accumulation induced by low temperature is not directly related to chilling-induced water deficit.
In this work the influence of sunflower allelochemicals, seedling vigour and ABA levels was studied. Wheat and mustard seeds and seedlings were incubated on Petri dishes (mustard) layered with filter paper or rolled filter paper (wheat) moistened with aqueous extract of sunflower (2.5, 5.0 and 10.0% DM w/v) or water at 20°C for 6 days. In 1st experiment, the number of germinating seeds was counted and samples for ABA were collected. In 2nd experiments, the number of roots was counted (wheat) and length and fresh weights of coleoptiles/hypocotyls and roots were recorded. In response to allelopathics, germination was delayed and reduced but germination of wheat was slightly affected, while of mustard extremely reduced (to 90%). The allelopathic effect on seedling growth was diverse: at a lower concentration it was stimulatory, and at higher inhibitory. At the highest concentration, the growth of mustard was almost completely inhibited while wheat seedlings continue to grow though their vigour was strongly reduced. ABA levels in response to allelopathics increased manifold and the increase was greater in roots. This suggests the ABA involvement in seedlings acclimation toallelopathy stress. The results showed essential differences between wheat and mustard in their tolerance to sunflower allelopathics with wheat being more tolerant.
Chilling tolerance of 20 maize inbred lines and frost tolerance of four genotypes of barley and eight genotypes of wheat was measured independently by electrolyte leakage (EL), by estimation of necrotic injury (NI) or plant survival (SR) and by measurement of chlorophyll a fluorescence (quantum efficiency of PS II electron transport, ФpsII). The objective of the experiments was to determine the reliability of chlorophyll fluorescence measurements in screening programs aiming at improving low temperature tolerance of crops. The chlorophyll fluorescence method is non-destructive and much quicker than EL and SR tests and practicable under field conditions. Maize seedlings at the third leaf stage were chilled for 2 d at 4°C and ФpsII „ was measured by means of a portable РАМ 2000 fluorometer. After recovery for 2 d at 20°C NI of the leaves was estimated. NI and ФpsII correlated highly and significantly (-0.84). Frost tolerance of barley seedlings was measured in laboratory frost tests by EL and ФpsII after cold hardening for 13 d at 2°C and expressed as LTJ0 values. Both correlated highly and significantly (0.92). In addition, ФpsII correlated significantly (-0.76) with SR estimated in independent field studies [Tantau et al. 2002]. In wheat seedlings cold hardened for 2 weeks at 2°C and then the next 2 weeks at -3°C, LT50 values calculated from EL data received during frost tests correlated significantly with ФpsII „ values measured after 1 (-0.69), 2 (-0.66) and 4 (-0.67) weeks of hardening. The very close relationship between ФpsII and EL, SR and NI indicates that the photosynthetic apparatus is a primary site of unfavorable effects of low temperature. Therefore, decrease in photosynthetic efficiency under low temperature stress measured by chlorophyll fluorescence can be used in screening programs as a reliable indicator for low temperature tolerance.
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