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The semi-diallel crossing of different lines derived from the following varieties and strains: Oregon 394, 642 Carsten 102, Мех x Мех, Atlas 66, Marksman, Kr 118/78, Arminda, Liwilla allowed to determine the action of genes responsible for 12 useful traits of F₁ hybrids of winter wheat. Among 12 estimated traits the epistasis was involved in heritability of all tests except for the plant height. That were Carston and Liwilla lines, in which no epistatic inheritance was observed. Upon eliminating the lines causing epistasis, different degrees of partial dominance of genes in inheritance of height and tillering of plants, lenght and compactness of ear, number of spikelets and grains per ear and per spikelet have been found. The weight of grains per ear, whole plant nad 1000 grain weight were governed by overdominance of genes. The dominant genes caused an increase of the number of grains per spikelet, the grain weight per ear and plant and the 1000 grain weight.
Epistasis was present in the inheritance of sedimentation value in F₂ and total protein content in the F₁ and F₂ hybrids of winter wheat. When analysis was performed after the removal of epistatic lines, partial dominance seemed to control sedimentation value and overdominance was involved in the inheritance of total protein content in the F₁ and F₂. Heritability estimates ranged from low to intermediate. For sedimentation value the range was 0.05-0.55 and for total protein content 0.02-0.68, indicating that in some hybrids the selection should be effective.
Effects of general and specific combining value of several winter lines were determined basing on the F₁ hybrids. In the yield structure traits under study a prevalence of additive over nonadditive action of genes has been found. Hybrids of Oregon 394, Marksman and Liwilla lines inherited highly significant values of the number of grains per ear, 1000 grain weight and weight of grains per an average ear. Hybrids of Atlas 66 and Kr 118/78 lines can constitute an interesting breeding material, of which both the SCA effects obtained and the variance estimates can bear evidence.
The studies were conducted on lines developed from the following varieties: Marksman /М/, Arminda /А/, Liwilla /L/, Kr 118/78 /K/ and F₁ hybrids: M x A, M x L, M x K. A path coefficient analysis was performed to determine the direct and indirect effects of some yield components upon grain weight per ear. The analysis indicated that number of grain per ear, 1000 grain weight and plant height influenced most strongly grain weight per ear in lines and F₁ hybrids. Direct and indirect effects of most components of yield were about equal both in lines and F₁ hybrids.
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