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The ending of the puerperium has place when the first oestrus postpartum gestation is restored. To that end the anatomical and histological uterine involution must be completed and the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis must work properly to allow: oestrus, ovulation, conception, implantation, formation and persistence of corpus luteum of pregnancy. Therefore, early postpartum disorders such as NEB, abnormal gonadotropin secretion, uterine infection and other disorders could have subsequent deleterious effects on oocyte development and competence. However, low BCS coupled with severe NEB during this period suppresses pulsatile LH secretion, reduces ovarian responsiveness to LH stimulation and also reduces the functional competence of the follicle characterized by reduced oestradiol production and ultimately results in delayed ovulation. Normal oestrous cycles in cows coupled with overt signs of oestrus are essential so that insemination can occur at the appropriate time relative to ovulation. Also good nutrition management, environment conditions and welfare can support normal uterine postpartum involution and recurrence of cyclicity.
The aim of the study was to determine changes in the blood profile of broiler chickens in relation to transport distance. Investigations were carried out on two flocks from different farms exposed to varied stress levels with regard to slaughterhouse proximity (120 km or 30 km). The following parameters were determined: body weight, hemoglobin, glucose, cholesterol and corticosterone. The time in transit and the distance between the farm and a slaughterhouse contributed to a decrease in blood hemoglobin, and glucose levels in broilers increased cholesterol and corticosterone concentrations in the blood. The results obtained show that rough handling and long journeys have the greatest adverse effects on poultry welfare. In both groups of transported birds there were consistent changes in blood constituents level and loss in live weight after transport.
The objective of the present study was to compare the differences and regularities in social behavior of newly mixed piglets under the conditions of large-scale commercial pig production. Three methods of grouping piglets at weaning (31-34d) into a 12-member weaned pool were studied: 6 pigs from 2 litters (6 × 2); 4 pigs from 3 litters (4 × 3); 3 pigs from 4 litters (3 × 4). Each method had three replicates and the weaned piglet body weight ranged from 7.4 up to 9.8 kg. Agonistic behavior was recorded over three observation periods: 0-1.5 h immediately after mixing; 1 h, 4-5 h later the same afternoon; 5 days later for 1 h. Both contact (head thrusting, biting and pushing) and non-contact (chasing, threatening and displacement) agonistic behavior were recorded. Contact behaviors made the most significant contribution to obtain a new dominance status in the social hierarchy and decreased significantly in frequency over time. Subsequently, the rate of non-contact behavior also declined. During the first observation period covering the crucial time for establishing dominance hierarchy, structure 4 × 3 had significantly less head thrust than 6 × 2 or 3 × 4. Generally, 4 × 3 showed a lower rate of contact behavior compared to the other two groups as well as less non-contact behavior than 3 × 4, but it was similar to 6 × 2. It appears that the 4 × 3 structure may cause less physical encounters than the other two groupings.
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