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The role of contact with nickel-containing coins has been controversial. The aim of our study was to compare the release of nickel from Euro (1 and 2) coins and from Polish coins (2 PLN and 5 PLN) at 4ºC and 32ºC in an immersion test using artificial sweat according to the EU reference method. Nickel extract was analyzed at 8 time points starting from 1 h up to 168 h. After 7 days of test duration at 32ºC, nickel ion concentration was 96.27±4.01 μg/cm2, 79.31±1.95 μg/cm2, 38.34±1.19 μg/cm2, and 32.17±2.36 μg/cm2 for 2 Euro, 1 Euro, 5 PLN, and 2 PLN, respectively. The amount of nickel ion released at 4ºC was reduced by about 70% and 40% for Euro and Polish coins, respectively. These values exceed the limit acceptable for prolonged contact with human skin as defined by the EU Nickel Directive, which indicates that nickel may be capable of eliciting allergic reactions in subjects handling nickel-containing coins daily.
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) is one of the most important proangiogenic factors. It has many isoforms encoded by one gene. The occurrence of these isoforms is associated with the process of alternative splicing of mRNA. Some of the splice forms are perceived as tissue specific. The aim of this study was to determine the alternative splicing of VEGF-A mRNA in dilated cardiomyopathy, especially at the level of particular myocardial layers. The assessment of post-transcriptional modifications of VEGF-A mRNA was made on specimens taken from the explanted hearts of patients undergoing cardiac transplantation. Molecular and histopathological studies were perfomed on particular layers of the myocardial muscle (endocardium, myocardium, epicardium). A molecular analysis of cardiac samples was performed by quantitative analysis of the mRNA of the studied VEGF-A isoforms (VEGF121, -145, -165, -183, -189, and -206) using QRTPCR with an ABI-PRISM 7700-TaqMan sequence detector. 72 cardiac specimens taken from the explanted hearts were analyzed. Each of the studied VEGF-A splice forms was present in the evaluated hearts, but the types of alternative splicing of mRNA were different in particular layers. Quantitative analysis revealed different amounts of the studied isoforms. Generally, significantly increased expression of the VEGF-A isoforms was observed in samples taken from hearts with post-inflammatory etiology of cardiomyopathy. Our conclusions are: 1. All the studied VEGF-A isoforms were found in the human hearts, including those thusfar considered characteristic for other tissues. 2. Significant differences were observed in the expression of the VEGF-A splice forms with respect to the myocardial layers and the location of the cardiac biopsy. 3. Repetitive and comparable results for samples with post-inflammatory etiology were obtained, and they revealed considerably higher amounts of VEGF-A isoforms compared to specimens with idiopathic etiology.
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