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To date research on Chlamydia intracellular bacteria causing many diseases in animals and humans, has concentrated on Chlamydia sp. and Chlamydophila sp. pathogens forming the Chlamydiaceae family in the Chlamydia order. Recently, thanks to the techniques of molecular biology, the taxonomy of order for Chlamydiales has been extended to three new families: Parachlamydiaceae, Simkaniaceae and Waddliaceae. Those families includes germs isolated as endosymbionts of protozoa, sludge, insects, isopods, fishes, bats, cattle and as cell culture contaminants. Environmental Chlamydia are included amongst those microorganisms and are considered to be potential pathogens of humans and animals.
The classification of the bacteria of the family Chlamydiaceae has undergone significant changes over the last 30 years. Initially, from the 1950s onwards, the genus Chlamydia (C.) included only two species: C. trachomatis and C. psittaci. Later, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, another two species, C. pneumonia and C. pecorum, were isolated from the existing species C. psittaci. The year 1999 saw a revolution in the chlamydial taxonomy: since, on the basis of molecular research, two genera were distinguished: the genus Chlamydia with 3 species (C. trachomatis, C. suis, C. muridarum) and the genus Chlamydophila (Cp.) with 6 species (Cp. psittaci, Cp. pneumoniae, Cp. pecorum, Cp. abortus, Cp. felis, Cp. caviae). In the last 2-3 years, further molecular studies have shown that, in fact, the Chlamydiaceae family comprises a single genus Chlamydia with 9 species. In this paper we present the changes that have occurred in the Chlamydia genus according to Bergey’s bacterial taxonomy. The paper also presents the history of the nomenclature of those bacteria and short descriptions of the nine species of Chlamydia, including the most recent data.
The aim of the study was to show the dynamics of lymphocytes T (receptor CD5+ ), Th (receptor CD4+), Tc/Ts (receptor CD8+), B (receptor IgM . mu chain), as well as lymphocytes with receptor CD25+ in rabbits immunised with Chlamydophila abortus and Chlamydophila psittaci. Moreover, a serological test was carried out. The analysis of the results indicated that the immunisation of rabbits with the studied antigens in case of lymphocytes T and their subpopulations caused a similar increase and decrease of their amount and in case of lymphocytes B only an increase. Those changes are noted in 7th . 14th day after the immunisation and they persist until 42nd . 56th day of the experiment. Moreover, the positive titre of antibodies was noticed on the 35th . 42nd day after the immunisation, i.e. 4-6 weeks after the changes in the amount of lymphocytes.
The review presents a brief description of the most important traits of 10 prion diseases in humans and in animals. The diseases are defined in terms of their aetiology, latent period, signs/symptoms and potential transmission to other animals or humans in the case of affected animals. The time-period in which the disease may be diagnosed, natural reservoirs of infection and, in the case of prion diseases in humans, two newly described varieties of the diseases are presented.
Apoptosis or programmed cell death is a physiological process which occurs during the cellular life cycle, and can also appear during an infection with microorganisms. In the infected cell this process can be treated as a peculiar “escape” of organism from the infection, but on the other hand it can be induced or inhibited, which enables pathogens, especially the intracellular ones, to survive. Bacteria of the order Chlamydiales are intracellular pathogens which can stimulate or inhibit the apoptosis of infected cells. In this paper we present the impact of infection with those bacteria on the apoptosis of mammal cells.
Bacteria from genera Chlamydia (Ch.) and Chlamydophila (Chi.) are very pathogenic and may infect humans and animals. They also may cause latent infection, especially in animals. In this paper we discuss the non-specific and specific cellular and humoral immunity in farm animals, after infection or immunisation with Chlamydia sp. and Chlamydophila sp. bacteria. It has been shown, that the infection or immunisation with the microorganisms influenced the activity of polimorphonuclear cells (PMN) and mononuclear cells (MN) in the process of phagocytosis. It has also been shown that the bacteria influenced the amount and activity of lysozyme, activities of myeloperoxidase and lysosomal enzymes. Infection or immunisation with the microorganisms was demonstrated to affect numbers of lymphocytes T and B and those of their subpopulation as well as the activity of cytokines and levels of scrum and secreted immunoglobulins. The changes were detected just a few hours after infection or immunisation and persisted for a few days to a few decades.
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