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The calla lily (Zantedeschia aethiopica) is an ornamental plant with growing acceptance in the market place that shows thermal constraints during planting. This study aimed to analyse its biological cycle in growing degree days (GDD) to determine the best time for planting and production of flower stalks. Rhizomes were planted in pots during all four seasons, and the pots were kept in a greenhouse. Growth analysis and gas exchange measurements were performed every 30 days. Rhizomes planted in the fall and summer showed greater shoot growth, a larger root system and increased production of flower stalks, and they remained in the vegetative phase longer before the onset of flowering, attaining a lower GDD value. Rhizomes planted in winter and spring matured early, which resulted in a higher GDD value and a decrease or lack of flower stalk production during this period. Calla lily rhizomes planted in the fall and summer showed higher water-use efficiency, light-use efficiency and net photosynthesis. It is possible to characterise the stages of development according to gas exchange. The calla lily must be cultivated with an irradiance of 250–400 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ in a temperature range of 25–28°C during the initial growth phase (up to 1,000 GDD). Thereafter, the temperature range should be reduced to between 13 and 15°C until 3,500 GDD are reached, which was found to enable increased flower stalk production.
The key demographic parameters of a population of Hyacinth Visorbearer, Augastes scutatus, an endemic hummingbird of the mountaintops of southeastern Brazil, are described for the first time. The study was conducted in the Alto do Palacio region, in the Serra do Cipo National Park, southeastern Brazil. Monthly, from August 2007 to July 2009, the Hyacinth Visorbearer individuals were captured in mist nets and banded. Using mark-recapture data, we modeled monthly apparent survival (φ) and capture probability (p), with sex and time (month) as covariates. We considered two time-since-marking (TSM) models among candidate models to control for the possible effect of transient individuals on parameter estimates. The two best-supported models (gaining 74% of summed Akaike weight) included effects of transient birds on monthly survival, with constant capture probability. The model-averaged apparent survival estimates for the first month after capture (φ¹) were considerably lower than the values for the second and later months following capture (φ²⁺). The apparent monthly survival showed difference between sexes, with females' value (φ²⁺ = 0.93 ± 0.03) slightly higher than males' value (φ²⁺ = 0.90 ± 0.03). These differences translated into distinctly higher annual survival of females (0.418 ± 0.16) than males (0.318 ± 0.12). The estimated annual capture probability was high (75%). We strongly suggest that TSM effects should be evaluated in future humming bird population studies.
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