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The aim of this study was to make an evaluation of the current stands of a relict species, Salix lapponum, within the area of the Polesie National Park, to determine the population size and condition of downy willow as well as to analyse biocenotic conditions in its stands. The study, conducted in the years 2001–2003, allowed to establish that the number of S. lapponum stands had decreased significantly and that its population size in the confirmed stands in the Polesie National Park was substantially lower than 50 years ago. Salix lapponum was a component of different phytocoenoses, but its highest population size and a high degree of development were noted at the sites with the Betulo-Salicetum repentis and Thelypteridi-Phragmitetum communities. The character of the phytocoenoses in which Salix lapponum occurred in greatest numbers may evidence the wide range of tolerance of downy willow with respect to habitat conditions. There is a probability that not only the changes in its habitat conditions, which were noted over the last half-century, had a significant effect on the reduction in the number of stands and in the population size of this species. An essential problem appears to be the fact of the absence of flowering in individuals in many of the studied populations, which may result in an insufficient degree of adaptation of S. lapponum to changing habitat conditions.
The aim of the study was to conduct an environmental evaluation of 6 selected sections of the improved Mietiułka River, which included an inventory and analysis of the vascular flora associated directly with this watercourse. The results of the study have shown that the flora of the study area is diverse in taxonomic, syntaxonomic and ecological terms, and that it comprises both typical aquatic plants and species characteristic of the habitats surrounding the river. In the flora found in the study sectors, a total of 114 vascular plant species was identified, which come from 42 botanical families, 15 syntaxonomic classes and belong to different ecological groups. Hemicryptophytes, spontaneophytes, species neutral to continentality as well as species included in the phytochorion with boreal elements: Euro-Siberian subelement, were clearly predominant in the species composition of the flora of all the study sectors. The macrophytes commonly found in Poland had the largest proportion. One species with a small number of stands in the country – water dropwort (Oenanthe fistulosa) – as well as two species threatened with extinction, Sagittaria sagittifolia and Hypochoeris glabra, were recorded.
The decline of the Salix lapponum population and reduction of the number of its natural stands is mainly attributable to changes in water conditions in the habitat (dehydration and changes in water chemical composition) which are caused by various anthropogenic factors. Selected parameters of abiotic environment were determined in 15 chosen downy willow stations on the peat-bogs in Polesie Lubelskie Region in Poland, from May 2001 to August 2003. Based on a comparison of the abiotic conditions in the research stations, in terms of the population size of S. lapponum, the optimum values of the factors were determined (habitat hydration, acidity and electrolytic conductivity of the underground water, as well as ion content) for adequate functioning of a given species.
The studies carried out in the years 2004-2005 and in 2009 were aimed at identifying the functioning conditions of a boreal plant relict, Salix lapponum, in its stands under anthropopressure in the Łęczna-Włodawa Lakeland. The study results confirmed that the number of S. lapponum stands on Lake Miejskie and on Cow Marsh and its population size had significantly decreased as well as the population condition had deteriorated during the last 50 years. Based on the results of an analysis of environmental (biocenotic and abiotic) factors it was found that changes in habitat conditions in its stands were the main threat for downy willow. Another cause of population decline and the deteriorated condition of downy willow individuals may be the habitat isolation. The observed intraspecific phenomena, i.e. the lack of flowering in individuals and the lack of downy willow seedlings could be the reason for insufficient reproduction efficiency, ipso facto, the weaker adaptation of individuals to changes in habitat condition. Therefore, it seems that it is necessary to pursue active species conservation and protection which should primarily involve population reconstruction – restitution.
Studies carried out in 2001-2003 were aimed at evaluation of the current structure and conditions of the population along with the recording of biometric traits of downy willow specimens at their natural stand on Lake Bikcze. It has been found that the population of downy willow on the peat bog near Lake Bikcze has much increased since the 1950’s. The character of phytocoenoses, where Salix lapponum occurred most abundantly, may prove its wide requirements in terms of habitat conditions. S. lapponum specimens were in good condition. Furthermore, blooming of male and female specimens as well as great viability of pollen grains was recorded. High variability of selected biometric traits for studied species’ specimens was found.
An attempt was made to identify the major risks to the population of Betula humilis Schrk. existing in a small isolated transitional peat bog near Lake Bikcze, in the Łęczna-Włodawa Lakeland. The biometric features of 40 Betula humilis individuals were measured as well as the growth of shoots, flowering and fruiting were observed. Habitat conditions were characterized by making measurements of selected abiotic and biocenotic environmental factors. The obtained results allowed us to identify two main threats to the proper functioning of the study population. The first one is the possible loss of genetic identity of the species as a result of probable ongoing introgression by the potential crossing of Betula humilis with other species of the genus Betula, which are numerous in the flora of the studied area. Another threat is a change in habitat conditions (mainly light and water conditions), which is due to the accelerated secondary succession manifested by the expansion of common species such as Salix cinerea, Betula pendula, and Phragmites australis.
This paper presents the results of a pilot field study, conducted in July 2007, designed to make fl oristic evaluation of the peat bog area adjacent to the western shore of Lake Bikcze (Łęczyńsko-Włodawskie Lakeland). The main aim of the study was to confi rm the occurrence of populations of rare and legally protected plant species in this area and to identify, on a preliminary basis, habitat conditions in their stands. The occurrence of populations of the following strictly protected plant species: Betula humilis, Salix lapponum, Salix myrtilloides, Carex limosa, Drosera intermedia, Drosera rotundifolia, Dactylorhiza incarnata; and partially protected species: Menyanthes trifoliata, has been confi rmed in the studied peat bog. Both an investigation of abiotic factors, conducted in situ, and an analysis of the species composition of the flora in terms of habitat preferences of particular groups of taxa have shown that the described rare plant species find suitable conditions for their growth and development in the studied peat bog.
Changes in the flora composition of the eastern and southern shore area of Lake Piaseczno, with predominantly agricultural and recreational land use in the lake catchment, were examined in the years 2003 and 2010. Multifaceted analysis of the flora was made with regard to its botanical, syntaxonomical, and ecological aspects, the identified species were assigned to different historical-geographical groups and range groups, as well as the flora synanthropisation, anthropophytisation and apophytisation indices were calculated and compared. Both the species number and the species floristic composition of the Lake Piaseczno shore zone changed in seven years. The fact that the value of the synanthropisation index remained at a similar level and a slight increase in the anthropophytisation index values are probably related to the decrease in tourist traffic in this area and the diminishing pressure from extensive agriculture. The results of the flora analysis, in terms of the assignment of species to characteristic ecological groups, confirm the specific habitat conditions in the study area and, above all, significant permeability of the substrate and high soil nutrient availability.
In the period 2007-2009, floristic, habitat and physico- chemical analysis was made of the hydraulically improved surrounding ditch of Lake Bikcze in the Łęczna-Włodawa Lakeland. Hemicryptophytes, with a large proportion of geophytes as well as hydrophytes and helophytes, were the main component of the flora of the studied section of the transformed Piwonia River channel. In terms of historical-geographical classification, spontaneophytes were predominant, and apophytes among them, whereas anthropophytes were poorly represented, which was confirmed by the correspondingly high values of the synanthropization and apophytization indices (> 50%) as well as the low value of the anthropophytization index (approx. 2%). In the aspect of the range of occurrence, Euro-Siberian and cosmopolitan species were predominant, which are classified in terms of the indicator values as hygrophilous plants, neutral to continentality, living in moderately cool or moderately warm climatic conditions, characterized by a wide range of tolerance to the trophic state index and to soil acidity. An analysis of the values of the basic physico-chemical factors of the stagnant water in the surrounding ditch showed variations in the value of pH, electrolytic conductivity and the value of the concentration of organic and ammonium nitrogen as well as of organic phosphorus and phosphates. In spite of the anthropogenic nature of the studied watercourse, the qualitative and quantitative proportions of the flora species indicated the natural state of the flora based on the native vegetation, characteristic of the study area.
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