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In recent years have seen increasing evidence linking occupational and environmental exposure to toxic pollutants with human male reproductive disorders. The aim of this study was to collect epidemiological information on male reproductive health to explore the effects of electronic waste (e-waste) environmental pollution on male genital health in Wenling, one of the world’s biggest e-waste recycling centers. We collected clinic information from 2001 to 2012 in Wenling covering male reproductive diseases, including prostatitis, epididymitis, orchitis, urinary tract infections, cystospermitis, impotence, condyloma accuminatum, syphilis, gonorrhea, varicocele, genital herpes, prostatic carcinoma, etc. The morbidity of male reproductive diseases in Wenling was higher than in the control area – especially those diseases that could be influenced by environmental factors. Male reproductive health may be threatened by e-waste pollution in Wenling, and this could influence local population diathesis.
We present a detailed study to investigate if silicon supplementation enhances chilling resistance of seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Swartz) turf. An enhanced growth status suggests an improved chilling resistance by Si addition, which is coupled with the observation of more Si cells in leaf epidermal cells, as well as a lower LT₅₀ (the low temperature required to cause 50% electrolyte leakage). Chilling stress induces significant adaptive increases of free proline (P<0.01), all soluble sugar (P<0.01) and the activity of peroxidase (POD) (P<0.05), and leads to the decreases of the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) (P<0.05), results in notably higher measurements of malondialdehyde (MDA) (P<0.05). Silicon addition promoted significant increase of proline and sucrose (P<0.01), while maintaining significantly higher activities of SOD, POD, CAT, and notably leveling off of MDA (P<0.05) under chilling stress. These results indicate that silicon enhances the chilling resistance of turfgrass via maintaining a stable membrane and a beneficial cell status readily coping with the chilling-induced oxidative stress.
Nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) as an effective material has been applied to reduce nitrate. Yet NZVI has defects of aggregation and oxidation. To overcome these disadvantages, nanoscale bimetallic iron/copper particles were introduced to reduce nitrate in this work. In this paper, nanoscale bimetallic Fe/Cu particles were prepared by the liquid phase chemical reduction method; the particles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD). The effect of prepared particles was evaluated by reducing synthetic nitrate wastewater, and batch experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of initial nitrate concentration and various Cu loading on nitrate reduction by nanoscale bimetallic Fe/Cu particles. The results indicated that nitrate could be completely removed in 20 min reaction by nanoscale bimetallic Fe/Cu particles when Cu loading was 5% and initial nitrate concentration was 80 mg/L. As a result, the nitrate in wastewater was converted into ammonium and nitrogen gas, with nitrite as an intermediate by-product.
To shed light on the relationship between sucrose metabolism and expression of genes related to sucrose-metabolizing enzymes, six genes encoding sucrose-metabolizing enzymes were isolated, and the levels of four main carbohydrates and related enzyme activities as well as the expression of these six genes were determined in fruits, leaves and phloem-enriched fraction throughout peach fruit development. Sucrose content in mature fruit ranked first followed by glucose, fructose and sorbitol in that order, while sorbitol was the highest and sucrose lowest in phloem-enriched fraction and leaves. Glucose and fructose had similar change patterns throughout fruit development. Cloning results reveal that the nucleotide sequences of the six genes have high similarity to corresponding genes isolated from other plants. In addition, the expression of these genes and the levels of related enzyme activities varied with tissue and stage of fruit development, suggesting a complexity in relationships between carbohydrates, enzymes activities and related gene expression. Sucrose phosphate synthase maybe a key enzyme involved in sucrose synthesis while sucrose synthase may mainly be responsible for sucrose synthesis in peach fruits at later stages of development. Further studies are needed to genetically and physiologically characterize these genes and enzymes in peach and to gain a better understanding of their functions and relationship with carbohydrate metabolism.
Potassium (K+) is an essential macronutrient for plant growth, development, and fruit quality and yield. K+ uptake and transport is facilitated by KT/HAK/KUP transporters. However, studies to establish molecular mechanisms are rare in fruits, especially in peaches. In this study, we isolated 16 putative KT/HAK/KUP transporter genes in peach, and analyzed K+ homeostasis status in relation to KUP (K+ uptake) gene expression during whole fruit development life. The ‘Xiahui6’ peach development was divided into four distinct stages, S1–S4, and fruits were harvested on 110 days after full bloom (DAFB). QRTPCR results showed that PpeKUP genes unevenly existed in various fruit parts and are differentially expressed during fruit development, ripening, and postharvest storage. The most highest-expressed gene was PpeKUP1 in mesocarp and PpeKUP2 in skin, especially during early stages, while PpeKUP3 was steadily expressed even until postharvest shelf-life. After harvest, the flesh firmness was nonsignificantly changed under cold treatment (4 C), to avoid ripening. Notably, five PpeKUP genes were responsive to cold treatment as their expression were mainly induced in skin, except for PpeKUP3 that was decreased in both mesocarp and skin. Moreover, functional determination showed that PpeKUP1 and PpeKUP2 are important K+ transporters that mediate K+ uptake and accumulation, especially during fruit formation and fast growth stages. This study reveals a close relationship among peach growth, firmness maintenance, and K+ homeostasis, and directly provides potential candidate genes for further molecular studies.
Sucrose synthase (SUS) has been suggested to play a key role in plant sucrose metabolism with recent studies reporting that a small number of genes encoding different isozymes of Sus exist in most plant species. Despite this, information on genes encoding different isozymes of Sus in peach (Prunus persica) is scanty. In this study, we report the prediction, isolation, structural characteristics, phylogenetic connections and expression outline of six Sus genes in peach (PpSus1 to 6). The six PpSus genes were found distributed across scaffolds 1, 3, 5, 7, and 8. Analysis of the exons/introns revealed that PpSus genes contain multiple introns that range from 11 to 13 and displayed a high degree of conservation with corresponding Sus genes in other plant species. The comparative screening of motifs in PpSus proteins indicated high conservation in terms of number, width and order of motifs among PpSus proteins, which indirectly indicates that the six PpSus proteins are indeed members of the SUS family. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that PpSus2 to PpSus4 belonged to group II of the Sus family, PpSus5 and PpSus6 were clustered into group III, and group I contained only one peach gene (PpSus1) together with members from 10 other plant species. Analysis of expression levels of the six PpSus genes revealed that transcripts of PpSus1 were almost undetectable in leaves and in older phloem, while PpSus2 and PpSus4 were almost undetectable in flowers. The other three PpSus genes appeared differentially expressed in all tissues examined and were detected at different stages of tissue development. The results obtained from this study will be useful in selecting candidate PpSus genes for further functional analysis in the pathway of sucrose metabolism in peach and specifically in characterizing the knockout/knockdown mutants of PpSus genes.
Mucilage can strongly bind Al in the rhizosphere. Although there are still debates about the role of mucilage in protection of the root apex from Al toxicity, we considered that it might be associated with the characteristics of Al adsorption in mucilage. When the mucilage was kept intact, the accumulation of Al and induction of callose in root tips of pea (Pisum sativum) remained lower; thus root elongation was less inhibited than when mucilage was removed under Al exposure in mist culture. Size exclusion chromatography showed both a high and a low molecular weight polysaccharide fraction from root mucilage. Aluminum was predominately detected in high molecular weight polysaccharides, which strongly bound cations. The results indicate that the persistence of mucilage does protect the root apex from Al toxicity by immobilizing Al in high molecular weight polysaccharides.
Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) is an established and extensively used virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) vector for gene function analysis in monocots. However, the phenotypes generated by targeted gene silencing may be affected or masked by symptoms of BSMV infection. To better understand the potential effects of BSMV-VIGS in hulless barley (Hordeum vulgare var. nudum), the accumulation pattern of BSMV and its impacts on vegetative growth and water status were investigated. The results indicated that the vegetative growth of infected plants was significantly and continuously impacted by BSMV from 10 to 40 days post inoculation (dpi). When the accumulation of BSMV was extremely high (7 to 11 dpi), infected plants displayed twisted leaf tips with an increased water lose rate (WLR) and decreased water content (WC). Virus accumulation declined and stabilized after 25 dpi, at this stage, the WLR and WC were unaffected in the infected plants. The efficiency of VIGS was tested by the silencing of Phytoene desaturase (PDS). RT-qPCR indicated that BSMV-VIGS can be sustained with good efficiency for up to 40 dpi under an altered condition with lower temperature (22 ±1°C) and higher relative humidity (70 ±10%). It was concluded that 25 to 40 dpi was the appropriate time zone for drought-related gene analysis by BSMV-VIGS under such condition.
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