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The shoots of Salvia officinalis growing in MS liquid medium supplemented with IAA 0.1 mg l-1) and BAP (0.45 mg l-1) were treated with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) to increase production of compounds with antioxidant activity (carnosic acid, carnosol and rosmarinic acid). The increase in metabolite production depended on MeJA concentration, the period of exposure to elicitor and type of compound. The MeJA action was observed 24 h after elicitation. It was found that the maximum level of diterpenoids, calculated as the sum of CA and Car (about 8 mg g-1 dry wt) was achieved at 3 days after elicitation with 20 µM methyl jasmonate. The highest amount of rosmarinic acid (about 41 mg g-1 dry wt) was achieved with 50 or 100 μM methyl jasmonate on the 5th day after elicitation. It was almost 2-fold higher compared to the control (cultures treated with only ethanol).
The procedure of in vitro propagation of Harpagophytum procumbens using shoot tips was developed. Shoot tips were cultured on Schenk and Hildebrandt (SH) agar medium supplemented with 0.57 µM indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in combination with various cytokinins: 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), thidiazurone (TDZ), kinetin or zeatin at four concentrations (2, 4, 6 or 8 µM). The best shoot multiplication rate (11.2 shoots/explant for 5 weeks) was achieved in the presence of 6 µM TDZ. The shoots were small and their elongation on SH medium supplemented with gibberellic acid (GA3 ) was necessary. Shoots of H. procumbens were rooted on full-strength or half-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) agar medium either with or without auxin. Plantlets were transferred into pots and maintained in the greenhouse. After 1 month, the overall survival of plants was 83% but it decreased to 27% after 6 months.
Shoot tips excised from shoot culture of Salvia officinalis were encapsulated in 2% or 3% (w/v) sodium alginate and exposed to 50 mM calcium chloride for complexation. Immediately or after 6, 12 or 24 weeks of storage at 4°C, the synthetic seeds were cultured for 6 weeks on half-strength MS medium supplemented with indole-3- acetic acid (IAA) (0.1 mg/l) and solidified with 0.7% agar. The frequency of shoot and root emergence from encapsulated shoot tips was affected by the concentrations of sodium alginate and additives in the gel matrix (sucrose, gibberellic acid, MS nutrient medium) as well as duration of storage. The frequency of shoot and root induction of non-stored synthetic seeds was highest with shoot tips encapsulated with 2% sodium alginate containing 1.5% sucrose and 0.5 mg/l gibberellic acid (GA3). Shoot tips maintained their viability and ability to develop shoots even after 24 weeks of storage when they were encapsulated in 3% alginate with 1/3 MS medium, sucrose (1.5%) and GA3 (0.25 mg/l). Root formation tended to decrease with storage time. Overall, 90% of the plantlets derived from stored and non-stored synthetic seeds survived in the greenhouse and grew to phenotypically normal plants. This procedure can enable the use of synthetic seed technology for germplasm conservation of S. officinalis, a plant species of high medical and commercial value.
The study focused on the production of compounds with antioxidant activity in hairy root and shoot cultures of Salvia officinalis grown in laboratory-scale sprinkle nutrient bioreactors. HPLC analysis showed that production of rosmarinic acid in transformed roots (34.65±1.07 mg l-1) was higher that in shoot culture (26.24±0.48 mg l-1). In the latter diterpenoids: carnosic acid (1.74±0.02 mg l-1) and carnosol (1.34±0.01 mg l-1) were also found. Biomass accumulation after a growth period in the bioreactor was also studied. An 18-fold increase in hairy root biomass was recorded after 40 days of culture. In sage shoot culture, biomass increased 43 times after 21 days of bioreactor run. The current operating conditions of the bioreactor were not suitable for the propagation of Salvia officinalis mainly due to the hyperhydricity problem of leaves and stems.
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