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Unnamed foramina are known to be present in the mandible. The present research paper reports the presence of an accessory foramen on the medial surface of the mandible, highlighting its anatomico-radiological details. Accessory foramina in the mandible have been known to transmit branches of nerves supplying the roots of the teeth. Nerve block techniques by local anaesthetics might fail if any of these nerves or their branches pass through these accessory foramina and thus escape the nerve block. Dental surgeons performing extractions should be aware of accessory foramina on the mandible and thus plan anaesthesia at an appropriate anatomical site. The presence of such foramina might also be an alternate route for tumour spread following radiation therapy. Precise knowledge and awareness of such accessory mandibular foramina would therefore be important for dental surgeons performing nerve block and also for oncologists in planning radiation therapy.
In August 2015, twig blight disease of ban tulsi (Croton bonplandianus Bail.) caused by Choanephora cucurbitarum (Berk. & Ravenel) Thaxt. was observed for the first time, in the Gangetic alluvial region of West Bengal, India. A severe disease incidence (40–50%) showed twig blight symptoms starting with shoot apical meristem (SAM), leaf, and blossom blight symptoms. Typical symptoms were characterized by over-projecting black pin head like emerging sporangiola which formed mycelial cushion on the infected surface. The present report describes the identification of the causal pathogen as C. cucurbitarum based on its morphology and the internal transcribed spacer of its ribosomal DNA (rDNA – ITS) sequences with 100% identity of NCBI-GenBank published Choanephora database. Optimum temperatures, 28–30°C, coupled with high relative humidity (80–90%) during the monsoon season enhances the disease’s progress. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of twig blight of C. bonplandianus, caused by C. cucurbitarum, in India as well as globally.
Normally the 7th cervical vertebra (C7) has a long non-bifid spine. A bifid spine is a feature of typical cervical vertebrae such as C3–C6. In contrast to past studies, which have described a bifid spine in the C3–C6 cervical vertebrae, this study is a report on the presence of a duplicated spinous process in the C7 vertebra with an intervening space. The presence of such anomalies may be associated with other congenital anomalies and needs a careful and thorough clinical approach. This is an extremely rare finding which may be of clinical interest to radiologists, neurologists, orthopaedic surgeons, anthropologists and forensic personnel. The present case report describes the anatomical details in the bone specimen along with its radiological picture in a case of a duplicated spinous process of the C7 vertebra.
The present study describes the presence of os inca, incomplete metopic suture with asymmetrical frontal sinuses and multiple sutural deformities in a skull bone. Os inca has been reported to be associated with other cranial deformities. However, the present study, besides reporting os inca and associated sutural abnormalities, also highlights the presence of an unusual pterion in such cases. The aim is to provide anatomical insight into the morphology of sutures, frontal sinuses and associated cranial abnormalities. These are important findings which may be relevant for surgeons and radiologists in clinical practice.
The obturator foramen is a large opening in the hip bone situated below and anterior to the acetabulum. The obturator foramen is enclosed by the obturator membrane, apart from the part above near the obturator groove, where the obturator vessels and nerve pass through. The present study reports multiple openings in the obturator foramen detected incidentally in a left hip bone specimen and discusses its clinical implications. To the best of our knowledge, the occurrence of multiple openings associated with the obturator foramen is rare and has not been reported in any standard textbook of anatomy or in any research study. Anatomical knowledge of the presence of such anomalies may be clinically important for radiologists interpreting skiagrams and surgeons performing operative procedures in the hip region.
The present study was performed to survey the nature and extent of sequence conservation and divergence of miR165a and its target REVOLUTA (REV), a HD-ZIP III family member from Brassica encompassing both diploid and allotetraploid genomes. Post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS)-based regulation in plant requires precise pairing of the miRNA–mRNA target. We identified length and sequence polymorphisms in pre-miR165a, although 21 nt mature sequence was largely invariant. One Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) each in mature miR165a that has the potential to disrupt PTGS was detected in one clone each from B. rapa var. Chinese Cabbage and B. oleracea var. Brussels Sprout. The miR165 binding site in REV in Brassica species is split between exons 4 and 5 and is reconstituted in the mRNA with no sequence variation. In REV, allelic variation can be observed in the flanking exonic and intronic regions in both diploid and allopolyploid species of Brassica indicating a strong selection pressure for maintaining the miR165a target site in REV such that deleterious mutation at the site of PTGS does not accumulate in the population. In addition, the present study indicates that miR165a is expressed in organ-specific manner and regulates its target transcript level through PTGS mechanism.
The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that around 2 billion people across the globe are suffering from “hidden hunger”, where 815 million are under malnutrition. The major essential elements for humans are Fe, Zn, I, Se, Ca, F, and also vitamins. Among them, Zn is considered in the fifth place leading to causes of several deficiency diseases. At least one-third of the population in the world is facing Zn deficiency including around 450,000 children under the age of five. Vitamin A, Fe, and Zn deficiencies can be overcome through the biofortification of staple foodstuffs. This review emphasizes various breeding and agronomic approaches for the biofortification of Zn in wheat grains, which is an encouraging and cost-effective method to enhance the Zn contents of cereal grains. Recently, the Bangladesh Wheat and Maize Research Institute (BWMRI), with technical support from CIMMYT, Mexico, released a promising new Zn-biofortified wheat cultivar, ‘BARI Gom 33’, a result from a conventional breeding program. It has 32 and 50–55 mg kg−1 Zn without and with soil application of ZnSO4, respectively. This cultivar could be a savior for a million people in South Asia, including Bangladesh.
Five typical mangroves were taken (Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Excoecaria agallocha, Heritiera fomes, Phoenix paludosa and Xylocarpus granatum) both from Sundarbans (in situ) and grown in a mesophytic environment (ex situ, in the Institute’s premises) for 12–15 years. A comparative account of PAR utilization for maximum photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and production of two antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase and Superoxide dismutase) were done between the in situ and ex situ habitats. The present work revealed that the average net photosynthesis was slightly higher in mangroves from non-saline habitats than that of the native ones. At the same time, stomatal conductances were remarkably reduced under salinity-stressed habitats when compared with those of the mesophytic counterparts, by 25–52%. Salinity imposed increase of antioxidant enzymes was observed. Both the investigated antioxidant enzymes showed considerable increase in saline-grown individuals and proved their efficient scavenging ability to evolve reactive oxygen species (ROS), but these increases were relatively lower in Heritiera and Xylocarpus even though the net photosynthesis was higher. This might be related to their lower adaptability under increased salinity stress than those of the other three species investigated.
The study of diversity of plants in an urban area is a suitable measure of the terrestrial ecosystem. The study of avenue and wild plants diversity is an important research work, which provides knowledge about naturally occurring chemicals in plants, to protect against mutation, cancer and other diseases. These are commonly called as phytochemicals and the natural chemical ingredients are potent to use in antimutagenicity. The present study aims to understand the occurrence and population nos. of different avenue and wild plants planted or natural on roadside near Nature Park, Kolkata, India. The results clearly indicate that a total population of these plant species are having 282 nos. in the study area. Various literatures clearly revealed that these plants and/or their parts have potent antimutagenic properties by the presence of several phytochemicals. In conclusion, present preliminary research emphasizes an occurrence of antimutagenic avenue and wild plants on roadsides, containing natural chemical ingredients. Previous research works confirmed that toxins or mutagens or carcinogens may cause mutation that leads to cancer. The present study is a preliminary assessment of antimutagenic avenue and wild plant species diversity that have not yet been studied in that particular geographical area. The present study also suggested that avenue and wild plants are suitable for antimutagenic potential along with aesthetical view of human as well as ecosystem support. Therefore, biodiversity study, phytochemicals estimation and conservation of these particular plant species and/or different antimutagenic species in other local area viz. roadsides, parks, forests etc. might be relevant because the plant species can be used for herbal medicine in human healthcare as well as to prevent mutation and cancer.
A supernumerary tooth was detected in the left maxilla during an osteology teaching session with undergraduate medical students. Supernumerary teeth have previously been detected in individuals who have approached a dental surgeon with a complaint and who have then been diagnosed by X-ray. Asymptomatic cases are frequently not diagnosed in time and it is only the malalignment or delayed eruption of the tooth which raises the suspicion that this type of dental anomaly is present. The present paper highlights the anatomico-radiological study of a supernumerary maxillary tooth in a bone specimen and describes its clinical implications. Precise anatomical details of the supernumerary maxillary tooth might be of significant clinical interest to dental and maxillofacial surgeons in drawing up a plan for orthodontic treatment and may thus minimise the possible complications involved.
 Both ADAM17, the secretase responsible for the shedding of ectodomains of numerous membrane proteins including TNF and its receptors, as well as nitric oxide synthesized by inducible nitric oxide synthase play regulatory roles in inflammation and tumor progression. We analyzed the effect of endogenous and exogenous nitric oxide on the expression and activity of ADAM17 in murine endothelial cells and a monocyte/macrophage cell line. We found that endogenous nitric oxide influenced neither ADAM17 mRNA level nor the shedding of two ADAM17 substrates, TNF and TNFR1. Exogenous NO significantly diminished the release of TNF and TNFR1 without affecting the ADAM17 transcript level. Our data seem contrary to a previous report that showed the activation of ADAM17 by nitric oxide (Zhang et al., 2000, J Biol Chem 275: 15839-15844). We discuss potential mechanisms of NO-mediated inhibition of ectodomain shedding and possible reasons of discrepancy between our results and the previous report.
MicroRNA-mediated regulation of target genes is critical for development and adaptation. A handful of plant miRNAs along with the targets are conserved across highly diverged species. In most cases, these conserved targets are DNA-binding transcription factors that play important roles in plant development. Events of polyploidy that generate paralogs can open opportunities for generation of novel regulatory modules. The present study was performed to investigate syntenic relationship at loci surrounding miR165 between A. thaliana and B. rapa, a meso-polyploid, and identify paralogs if any. In silico comparative sequence analysis of genomic regions between A. thaliana and B. rapa reveals substantial synteny and micro-collinearity, albeit with several instances of insertions/deletions. Overexpression of miR165a recapitulates the phenotypes caused by drastic reduction in the expression level of HD-ZIP III members (REV and PHV). Constitutively overexpressed miR165a lines of B. juncea and A. thaliana show altered flower development along with the impaired vegetative growth. The present findings are thus in agreement with the known roles of miR165a in mediating plant growth and development implying evolutionary conservation.
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