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A new genus including two new species of fossil cupedids, Latocupes fortis gen. and sp. nov. and L. bellus gen. and sp. nov., is described from the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning Province, China and assigned to family Cupedidae. A brief morphological analysis shows that the new genus might be sister group of extant genus Priacma.
One new genus including two new species of fossil cupedids assigned to family Cupedidae, Gracilicupes crassicruralis gen. and sp. nov. and Gracilicupes tenuicruralis gen. and sp. nov., is described from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of eastern Inner Mongolia, China.
Three new species Brenthorrhinoides latipecteris sp. nov., B. angustipecteris sp. nov., B. magnoculi sp. nov. within the family Nemonychidae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) are described and illustrated. All the fossils were recovered from the Yixian Formation (Late Jurassic or Early Cretaceous) of western Liaoning Province, China. A brief review of fossil nemonychids and a key to species within the genus Brenthorrhinoides are provided. Furthermore, possible host plants to these ancient nemonychids are discussed.
Two new genera including four new species of fossil beetles assigned to the family Schizophoridae - Menopraesagus explanatus gen. and sp. nov., M. oxycerus gen. and sp. nov., M. grammims gen. and sp. nov. and Homocatabrycus liui gen. and sp. nov., and a new genus including one new species assigned to the family Ademosynidae - Lasiosyrie euglyphea gen. and sp. nov. are described. All of them are collected from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of eastern Inner Mongolia, China. Another two new fossil species referable to the genus Tetraphalerus of family Ommatidae, Tetraphalerus latus sp. nov. and Tetraphalerus curtinervis sp. nov., are reported from the Jehol Biota of western Liaoning, China.
A new species of the extinct genus Brochocoleus Hong, Brockocoleus zhiyuani sp. nov. is described based on two well preserved fossils embedded in the mid-Cretaceous amber originating from Myanmar. The species is deposit to B. caseyi Jarzembowski, Wang et Zheng, 2016 described from the same deposits but differs in having not an elongated head, long antennae and rounded prothorax.
Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) is an important medicinal and aromatic plant. However, the application of lavender essential oil (LEO) is limited by its instability, low solubility and high volatility. Therefore, to improve the stabilities and antioxidant activities of LEO and thereby expand the applications, LEO was microencapsulated by metal-organic frameworks based on β-cyclodextrin and potassium cation (K-βCD-MOFs) with different mass core/wall ratios. The results showed that the best inclusion rate was 96.67% with the ratio of 1:10. Then, the optimum inclusion product was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The thermal and pH stabilities and the intracellular antioxidant activities were also studied. The results showed that the stabilities of the oil with K-βCD-MOFs inclusions and their abilities to resist acid and alkali were significantly stronger than those of LEO itself. In addition, the intracellular antioxidant activities of LEO were also enhanced by the K-βCD-MOFs inclusion. These results suggested the potential of K-βCD-MOFs as carriers for essential oils in food industry applications.
Background: The regulation of microglial function via mitochondrial homeostasis is important in the development of neuroinflammation. The underlying mechanism for this regulatory function remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the protective role of mitochonic acid 5 (MA-5) in microglial mitochondrial apoptosis following TNFα-induced inflammatory injury. Methods: TNFα was used to induce inflammatory injury in mouse microglial BV-2 cells with and without prior MA-5 treatment. Cellular apoptosis was assessed using the MTT and TUNEL assays. Mitochondrial functions were evaluated via mitochondrial membrane potential JC-1 staining, ROS flow cytometry analysis, mPTP opening assessment, and immunofluorescence of cyt-c. Mitophagy was examined using western blots and immunofluorescence. The pathways analysis was carried out using western blots and immunofluorescence with a pathway blocker. Results: Our results demonstrated that TNFα induced apoptosis in the microglial BV-2 cell line by activating the caspase-9-dependent mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Mechanistically, inflammation reduced mitochondrial potential, induced ROS production, and contributed to the leakage of mitochondrial pro-apoptotic factors into the cytoplasm. The inflammatory response reduced cellular energy metabolism and increased oxidative stress. By contrast, treatment with MA-5 reduced mitochondrial apoptosis via upregulation of mitophagy. Increased mitophagy degraded damaged mitochondria, disrupting mitochondrial apoptosis, neutralizing ROS overproduction, and improving cellular energy production. We also identified that MA-5 regulated mitophagy via Bnip3 through the MAPK–ERK–Yap signaling pathway. Inhibiting this signaling pathway or knocking down Bnip3 expression prevented MA-5 from having beneficial effects on mitochondrial homeostasis and increased microglial apoptosis. Conclusions: After TNFα-induced inflammatory injury, MA-5 affects microglial mitochondrial homeostasis in a manner mediated via the amplification of protective, Bnip3-related mitophagy, which is mediated via the MAPK–ERK–Yap signaling pathway.
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