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This study aimed to evaluate the rate of ecogenotoxicity caused by traffic emissions at sites in the vicinity of roads and at sites near planned highway construction using a pollen grain abortion assay with higher wild plant species. The relationship between pollen grain abortivity and distance from a road also was assessed. The highest values were found at a distance of 30 m, where the prevailing wind direction was parallel to the road. Wind blowing away from the road shifted this boundary to a distance of 350 m. The results showed the highest genotoxicity at the “Ring road” site, where the frequency of abortive pollen grains was 4.05 times higher than at the control site, and at the “Dubná Skala” site, with induction factor 3.48. Based on our results we can conclude that Chelidonium majus, Cichorium intybus, and Melilotus albus are suitable species for the detection of genotoxicity in the environment.
Broad bean (Vicia faba L. “Inovec”) seeds were artificially aged by means of storage at 30 %, resp. 25 % water content at 25 °C for 7-days to study the consequences on germination, root length and frequency of chromosomal aberrations. Under these conditions, significant changes in all parameters were observed. An increase of frequency of chromosomal aberrations in ana-telophase cells was confirmed by evaluation of c-metaphase cells. Synergic effect of artificial seed ageing was studied on different harvests of old seeds. Possible principles of this effect on cell level are discussed.
Cells of suspension culture Citrullus vulgaris cv. "Samara" were permeabilized by Tween 80 and immobilized by glutaraldehyde. The highest a-galactosidase activity was at pH 5.4 and 60°C. The hydrolysis of substrate was linear for 3.5 h reaching 65-70% conversion of the substrate. The cells characterized with high enzyme activity, and stability in long-term storage showed convenient physico-mechanical properties (physical protection from shear forces and easy separation of product from biocatalysts).
Extracellular plant β-galactosidase from opium poppy and celandine was detected on agar plates by the presence of dyed zones from 1-naphthyl-β-D-galactopyranoside used as a synthetic substrate. Evaluating the azo-dye zones assessed the degree β-galactosidase activity. No coloration of the agar medium was observed on non-inoculated parts, in medium inoculated with heat – inactivated cells (10 min. at 100oC) or in medium without substrate with all calli tested. On the agar plates with substrate and sterile opium poppy, celandine or gherkin seedlings (2–6 days old) changes in coloration were observed showing the release of β-galactosidase from the roots during germination.
The study is focused on evaluating changes in the presence of alien species in ruderal vegetation. Two datasets comprising phytosociological relevés of ruderal communities during two time periods within the Bratislava City (in southwestern Slovakia) were analyzed. The old dataset consisted of 387 relevés recorded in the years 1975–1982, and the more recent dataset consisted of 308 relevés from the years 2011–2014. The relevés from both time periods were assigned to phytosociological classes via the same procedure – numerical classification (hierarchical clustering) using HIERCLUS software. The average values of the percentage number and percentage cover of the archaeophytes and neophytes as groups in the earlier and more recent relevés of each class were compared by the main effects ANOVA analysis in the STATISTICA 7.0 software. The proportion of each taxon of archaeophytes and neophytes in both datasets was also calculated. The invasive status, origin, and life forms of alien species in both datasets were compared. In total, both datasets comprised 120 archaeophytes and 71 neophytes. The old dataset contained more archeaophytes than the more recent dataset. On the contrary, the more recent dataset contained more neophytes than the old dataset. In the years 2011–2014, more invasive neophytes were recorded than in the past. The results revealed a statistically significant decrease in the average percentage number of archaeophytes in the classes Stellarietea mediae, Artemisietea vulgaris, and Galio-Urticetea, and a decrease in the average percentage cover of archaeophytes in the class Artemisietea vulgaris, compared to the past. On the contrary, a statistically significant increase in the average percentage number and cover of neophytes in the classes Artemisietea vulgaris and Galio-Urticetea was recorded. Some rare species of archaeophytes were only recorded 30 years ago (e.g., Kickxia elatine, Silene gallica). Furthermore, several species of neophytes (including some invasive taxa, e.g., Fallopia japonica, Helianthus tuberosus, Juncus tenuis) occur only currently in the ruderal vegetation of Bratislava.
Cell suspension of Papaver somniferum L. (opium poppy) was permeabilized by Tween 80 and immobilized by glutaraldehyde. The highest saccharase activity was at pH 4.6 and 50°C. The hydrolysis of the substrate was linear for 5 h reaching 69% of conversion, A very good storage stability was achieved when using dry catalyst, or a solution of 0.15 M NaCl with the addition of chloramphenicol, (l-methyldodecyl)-dimethylamin-4-oxide (ATDNO), Chlortetracycline hydrochloride (CLCTC) or by freezing the immobilized cells in 0.15 M NaCl. The cells characterized by high enzyme activity and stability in long-term storage showed convenient technological and physicomechanical properties.
A simple and rapid procedure for identification and determination of extracellular saccha- rase is described, using a culture medium of Chelidonium majus L. (celandine) cell suspen­sion cultures. Sucrose was used as a substrate for determination of the extracellular and intracellular activities of the studied enzyme. The culture medium (without cells) was used for identification and determination of extracellular enzyme activity. Intracellular activity was estimated using cell suspension.
Cell suspensions of gherkin (Cucumis sativus L.) were permeabilized by Tween-80, and immobilized by glutaraldehyde. β-Galactosidase showed pH optimum at 4.9 and temperature optimum at 58 °C. The enzyme catalysed hydrolysis was linear for 3 h with 60-68% conversion of the substrate. The cells characterized by high β-galactosidase activity and stability on long-term storage showed valuable technological properties.
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