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We investigated L-kynurenine distribution and metabolism in rats with experimental chronic renal failure of various severity, induced by unilateral nephrectomy and partial removal of contralateral kidney cortex. In animals with renal insufficiency the plasma concentration and the content of L-tryptophan in homogenates of kidney, liver, lung, intestine and spleen were significantly decreased. These changes were accompanied by increase activity of liver tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase, the rate-limiting enzyme of kynurenine pathway in rats, while indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity was unchanged. Conversely, the plasma concentration and tissue content of L-kynurenine, 3-hydroxykynurenine, and anthranilic, kynurenic, xanthurenic and quinolinic acids in the kidney, liver, lung, intestine, spleen and muscles were increased. The accumulation of L-kynurenine and the products of its degradation was proportional to the severity of renal failure and correlated with the concentration of renal insufficiency marker, creatinine. Kynurenine aminotransferase, kynureninase and 3-hydroxyanthranilate-3,4-dioxygenase activity was diminished or unchanged, while the activity of kynurenine 3-hydroxylase was significantly increased. We conclude that chronic renal failure is associated with the accumulation of L-kynurenine metabolites, which may be involved in the pathogenesis of certain uremic syndromes.
Conformational space of a novel cyclic enkephalin analogue, cyclo(Nε, Nε'-carbonyl-D-Lys2,Lys5) enkephalinamide, was exhaustively examined. A large number of conformations was selected and clustered into families on the basis of their structure and energy. For representative conformations ROESY spectra were generated and their linear combination was fitted to the spectra measured in water and Me2-SO-d6. This procedure yielded an ensemble of most populated conformations of the peptide in the two solvents.
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Kynurenine and its metabolites in the rat with experimental renal insufficiency

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In uremia a great number of the endogenous metabolites that are ordinarily excreted in urine accumulate in the blood. Among these are the products of KYN degradation. In the present study we evaluated the peripheral KYN metabolism in the various stages of the rat experimental chronic renal insufficiency. Our results showed significant disturbances in peripheral kynurenic pathway, which resulted in the significant decrease of TRP plasma level and augmentation of concentration of its metabolites. The high concentrations of 3-hydroxykynurenine, xanthurenic acid, kynurenic acid, anthranilic acid and quinolinic acid positively correlated with degree of the renal insufficiency. Talking into account the biological properties of KYN metabolites, their accumulation in the blood, may be at least partially, responsible for severity of uremia as well as for uremic symptoms such as neuropathy, increased susceptibility to infections, hypertension, lipid disturbances and anemia.
Every year, the number of anterior cruciate ligament ruptures increases considerably. The present analysis compares patients’ subjective sensations after the ACL injury to an objective arthrometric examination. The subjective evaluation of the knee-joint condition was performed using the Lysholm score scale and IKDC 2000 scale, whereas the objective evaluation was performed using a GNRB device to obtain an arthrometric measurement. Both measurement methods were performed before ACL reconstruction and after the rehabilitation process of ±11.5 months. The following research was conducted on a group of 8 patients who underwent anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Statistical analysis did not reveal any significant differences between the arthrometric examination and the subjective score scales. The test indicated the significant differences between the score scales questionnaires completed before and after the surgery. The conclusions that can be drawn from the present analysis show us the importance of using subjective evaluation devices. Despite the lack of significance in the examination performed with the objective device, the self-evaluation of kneejoint efficiency made by the patient indicated a significant improvement.
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