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The mammalian intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) of the thalamus is a neuronal element of the circadian timing system, which receives direct photic input from the retina. The purpose of this study was to analyze responses of rat IGL neurons in vitro to optic tract stimulation and to identify neurotransmitters released from the terminals of retinal ganglion cells in this structure. Following optic tract stimulation, most of the responding IGL cells were excited and only a minority of them were inhibited. Neurons showing the excitatory response were tested in the presence of AP-5, a selective antagonist of NMDA receptors. In most cases the responses were only partially inhibited by the presence of AP-5. Complete disappearance of excitatory responses was achieved by adding CNQX, an AMPA/kainate receptor-selective antagonist, to the standard incubation fluid. Inhibitory responses were blocked or considerably attenuated in the presence of bicuculline, a GABAA receptor antagonist, in the ACSF. This study demonstrated that glutamate is the main neurotransmitter mediating optic tract input to the IGL, acting mainly via non-NMDA ionotropic receptors. It was also shown that NMDA and GABAA receptors are involved in passing photic input to the IGL, albeit to a much lesser extent.
The nucleus incertus (NI) is a group of GABAergic neurons located in the midline tegmentum. It is the main source of the neuropeptide relaxin-3, which has been shown to be involved in appetite control, modulation of arousal and stress responses, as well as hippocampal theta rhythm. This is similar to the profile of orexins – neuropeptides expressed in the lateral and perifornical hypothalamus. Orexin neurons innervate numerous brain areas, including the brainstem, and activate g-protein-coupled receptors OXR1 and OXR2. This can lead to cell membrane depolarization through a number of possible mechanisms, including increases in intracellular calcium levels. We performed whole-cell patch clamp recordings from NI neurons in rat brain slices. To examine mechanisms of orexin receptor activation, recordings were made using TTX and calcium channel blockers: nickel chloride and nifedipine. We found the depolarizing effect of orexin A on NI neurons was reduced in the presence of calcium channel blockers. These findings help better understand the nature of interactions between the two peptide systems. Combined with further research, they could shed light on the possible involvement of the NI relaxin-3 system in the interplay between arousal, feeding and spatial memory.
INTRODUCTION: Twice a day, at dawn and dusk, animals experience considerable changes in the amount and spectral composition of light. Interestingly, both of them, so irradiance as well as colour, contribute to photoentrainment and are used by rodents to encode the time of the day. The olivary pretectal nucleus (OPN) is a retinorecipient midbrain structure responsible for pupillary light reflex and is suggested to play a role in photoentrainment. AIM(S): The aim of the study was to investigate whether cutting off the short wavelengths of light resulting in color changes influences light‑induced neuronal activity in the rat OPN. METHOD(S): To address this issue multielectrode in vivo recordings from the OPN of urethane anesthetized Long Evans rats were performed. Recordings were combined with light stimulations of different irradiance and spectral composition: full light spectrum provided by xenon lamp (“white light”) vs. blockade of blue light by yellow filter (“yellow light”; cut off at 490 nm). RESULTS: Both light stimulations induced a robust increase in multiunit activity across the pretectum area, with three differenttypes of neuronalresponses clearly seen:sustained, transient ON and OFF. Interestingly, sustained cells were able to encode light intensities independently of yellow filter usage. However, their mean activity during light pulses decreased in yellow light across all irradiances. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge this is the first study showing that spectral composition of light matters not only for the suprachiasmatic nucleus where the main biological clock is localised, but also for other structures of the non-image forming visual system. FINANCIAL SUPPORT: Supported by the grant 2013/08/W/NZ3/00700 obtained from the National Science Centre in Poland.
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