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The developing organism lacks many of the cytochrome P450 isoforms detected in the adult, or they are expressed at very low levels. It remains controversial whether P450 gene regulatory mechanisms are present prenatally. As a result, the catalytic function of P450s in fetal tissues has been questioned. The aim of our study was to evaluate CYP: 1A1, 1A2, 2B1/2, 2E1, 3A1 and 3A2 expression in livers of 18- and 20-days-old fetuses, and newborns from untreated and P-naphthoflavone-, phenobarbital-, dexamethasone- or ethanol-treated Sprague-Dawley rats. CYP expressions were evaluated at both tran­scriptional (RT-PCR) and protein (Western blotting) levels. CYP mRNA expressions were detected on day 18 of gestation. CYP: 1A1, 2B1/2 and 3A1 proteins were found on day 18; CYP2E1 protein - on day 20; 1A2 and 3A2 protein - in newborn livers. Studied P450s demonstrated a very low expression in animal tissues before and just after birth but, in most cases, they were inducible. It is concluded that the inductory mechanisms of CYP: 1A1, 2B1/2, 3A1/2 and 2E1 but not CYP1A2, are functional in fetal liver at transcriptional or translational levels. The effects of metabolic activation of CYP1A2 substrates may be reduced in fetuses.
Four-month-old female Wistar rats were exposed for 20 days to tobacco smoke obtained from non-filter cigarettes. During the exposure, concentration of tobacco smoke was monitored indirectly by measuring the CO level (1500 mg/m3 air). The efficacy of exposure was assessed by measuring urine nicotine and cotinine levels. Cigarette smoke did not change total cytochrome P450 and b5 protein levels in any of the organs studied, and most of these organs did not show any changes in the activity of reductases associated with these cytochromes. Following exposure to tobacco smoke, fetal rat liver expressed CYP2B1/2 protein; in newborns (day 1) both liver and lung showed CYP2B1/2 protein expression and very low pentoxyresorufin O-dealkylase activity. Western blot analysis of adult liver, lung, heart, but not of brain microsomes, showed that tobacco smoke induced CYP2B1/2 in both nonpregnant and pregnant rats, though its expression was lower in the livers and hearts of pregnant females. In the rat and human placenta, neither rat CYP2B1/2 nor human CYP2B6 showed basal or tobacco smoke-induced expression at the protein level. This study shows clearly that the expression of CYP2B1/2, which metabolizes nicotine and some drugs and activates carcinogens, is controlled in rats by age-, pregnancy-, and tissue-specific regulatory mechanisms.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Phoenixin (PNX) is one of the last revealed peptide in the rat hypothalamus. PNX so called a satiety molecule, takes part in such processes as the regulation of energy metabolism and also in reproduction. The aim of the study was to examine PNX immunoreactive structures (PNX-ir) and their distribution in the neuroendocrine part of the pig (Sus scrofa domestica) hypothalamus, because PNX was examined only in rodent brains. METHODS: Hypothalamic tissue was prepared by immunohistochemical techniques (immunofluorescence and DAB methods) with using Phoenixin-14 amide (H-079-01; Phoenix). RESULTS: PNX was immunodetected in neurons of the paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic (SON) nuclei and also in neighbouring areas. PNX-ir cells had oval or multipolar perikarya with 1 to 4 visible primary dendrites. PNX-ir cells in the PVN were situated loosely at dorsal and ventral parts close to the third ventricle, whereas between these parts PNX-ir cells were numbered and clustered. PNX-ir structures with morphology like dendrites and also single fibres covered with varicosities resembled axons were observed in the neuropil of the PVN. PNX-ir cells in the SON were clustered on the medial side of the SON from which narrow band of the PNX-ir perikarya was directed to the lateral side, along the optic tract. PNX-ir perikarya in the SON have similar shapes as in the PVN, but some of them possess short protoplasmic irregular processes, what gives them irregular shapes. In the SON there was not observed immunoreactive structures in neuropil, as above described in the PVN. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study which demonstrates the presence of PNX in axons. These results suggest that PNX in the PVN and SON may differ in signaling mechanism or acting as molecule-regulated neuroendocrine factor, but multidirectional functions of PNX complicate the understanding of the role played by this neuropeptide and further studies are needed.
AMPK is a highly conserved heterotrimeric serine/threonine kinase involved in the regulation of cellular metabolism and energy distribution. AMPK is an intracellular metabolic sensor which, through the reduction of adenosine-5′-triphosphate (ATP)- consuming processes and stimulation of ATP-generating pathways, maintains cellular energy homeostasis. AMPK activation occurs through phosphorylation at a specific threonine residue (Thr172) on the α subunit. It was proved that neuronal AMPK has been implicated in pathology of cerebral ischemia. However, whether AMPK activation in astrocytes is responsible for intensification autophagy contributing to their ischemic injury remains to be determined. The aim of the present study was to investigate the time-dependent activation of AMPK as well as to evaluate the autophagy induction in astrocytes exposed to combined oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD). It was shown that exposure of cultured astrocytes to OGD (0.5 – 24 h) causes an increase in AMPK expression and activity. The role of endogenous AMPK in the process of autophagy activation was also demonstrated. The work was supported by grant N N401 072139 from the Ministry of Science and Higher Educations (BG), Warsaw, Poland.
Arterial ketone index (AKBR) which is the ratio of acetoacetic acid to 3-hydroxybutyric acid in the arterial blood, is believed to reflect the mitochondrial reduction potential of hepatocytes and general energy state of the liver. In the presented paper we challenged this hypothesis by analysing the correlation between AKBR and the results of typical liver blood tests (AspAT, AlAT, LDH, CRP) and biotransforming potential of the liver (cytochromes P450, b5 and their corresponding NADPH and NADH reductases) in the model of ischemia-reperfusion injury of rat liver. The results were compared with histochemical analysis of distribution and activity of SDH, LDH and G-6-Pase, the key marker enzymes of the liver. We have shown that, except in the case of acute phase protein (CRP), a decrease in AKBR correlated well with the increase of the level of indicator enzymes in serum. Histochemical analysis also confirmed that AKBR correlates with the degree of damage to hepatocytes during early stage of reperfusion after 60 min of liver ischemia. In the Spearman test, AKBR was significantly correlated with the changes in cytochrome P450 content and its NADPH reductase activity which indicates a high sensitivity of this test. We conclude that the decrease of AKBR value reflects the impairment of basic energy pathways and detoxicative capability of the liver.
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