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Analyses of the ground waters in respect of presence of residues of plant protection products, i.e. active substances as well as environmental metabolites thereof are performed in the Institute of Plant Protection since the end of 80ties of the past Century. Based on the results obtained in 1993–1994 for 40 wells located in administrative territories of former Poznań, Toruń and Bydgoszcz voivodeships, in the vicinity of intensive agricultural production areas (orchards, farms), wells where significant amounts of residues of triazines group and dealkylated metabolites thereof had been found previously were qualified to further studies. There were 6 wells in which triazine residues were determined most often. Additionally, based on hydrogeological maps, directions of underflows in the areas of well’s locations were determined as well. The aim of the above was to find the additional places for sampling waters distant from pollution sources and estimation of the level of residues of target compounds depending on distance from the basic wells. Seven triazine compounds including basic active substances (atrazine, simazine) and their metabolites [desethyl atrazine, desisopropyl atrazine, desethyldesisopropyl atrazine, hydroxyatrazine and hydroxysimazine] were selected for the presented studies. Residues were analyzed using methodologies designed in the Institute, i.e. solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by determination by chromatographic techniques HPLC-PDA, GC-NPD and GC-MS. Generally, during 11 years of investigations (1993–2003) samplings were performed 52 times and 323 samples of groundwater including that from additional wells were analyzed. Most often residues of atrazine and deethylatrazine in wells located in environs of Poznań were detected.
A total of 203 samples of fresh fruit, vegetables and arable crops of Polish origin were analysed in 2010 at the Department of Pesticide Residue Research of the Institute of Plant Protection – National Research Institute. The monitoring programme covered 9 commodities and 204 pesticides including some isomers and breakdown products. Residues of 35 pesticides, mainly fungicides (24), were detected in 29.6% of the samples analysed. Percentage of the samples without pesticide residues was equal to 70.4%. Violations of MRLs were found in 1.5% of the samples. The usage of unauthorized pesticides was stated in 4.4% of the samples analysed. In all cases notifications were sent within the framework of RASFF (Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed). Residues were detected in 58.1% of fruit samples and 57.7% of greenhouse vegetable samples. Especially in samples of apples (63.3%) and in 62.5% samples of grapes. The samples of other products were less contaminated. Residues of carbendazim were detected most often, in 6.9% of the samples.
Organic crop production must obey strict regulations. In recent years, it is promoted in Poland by government financial support which has been reflected in Rural Areas Development Plans for 2004–2006 and 2007–2013. Thanks to putting into effect the agricultural and environmental package „Organic production”, Polish farmers can apply for EU surcharges, which are targeted at those who by implementation of organic production do not contribute to environmental pollution. Implementation of organic production forced the farmers to obey the EU Council Regulation No 834/2007 on organic production and labeling of organic products. In other EU countries, farmers growing organic crops have access to a wider range of „ecological” insecticides than do the farmers in Poland; these include such insecticides as spinosad (sum of spinosyn A and spinosyn D), azadirachtin and rotenone. There was then a need to develop an analytical method for the mentioned insecticides before they are registered in Poland. In this work, the QuEChERS sample preparation technique was used prior to ultra performance liquid chromatographic/mass spectrometric determination of „ecological” insecticides in plant material (tomato and cabbage) as well as in soil. Very satisfactory analytical performance date were obtained at three spiking levels of 0.01, 0.05, 0.1 mg/kg. Limits of determination were 0.01 mg/kg in all cases. The method was used to analyze samples under grant No NN 310 4358 33r, entitled „Application of natural substances in protection of organically grown potato and cabbage”, being in progress in Institute of Plant Protection – National Research Institute.
A total of 203 samples of fresh fruit, vegetables and arable crops of Polish origin were analysed in 2009 in Department of Pesticide Residue Research of the Institute of Plant Protection – National Research Institute. The monitoring programme covered 7 commodities and 196 pesticides including some isomers and breakdown products. Residues of 22 pesticides, mainly fungicides (14), were detected in 21.2% of samples analysed. Percentage of the samples without pesticide residues was equal to 78.8%. Violations of MRLs were found in 1.0% of the samples. The usage of not authorized pesticides was stated in 9.9% of the samples analysed. In all cases notifications were sent within the framework of RASFF system. Residues were detected in 55.3% of greenhouse vegetable samples. Especially in samples of peppers (60.0%) and in 43.8% samples of grapes. The samples of other products were less contaminated. Residues of dithiocarbamates were detected most often, in 15.8% of the samples.
A new strawberry plantation was established in October in 2010 with Honeoye and Senga‐Sengana cultivars. The effect of Trichoderma asperellum on the development plants, vitality and health of strawberry was assessed. Two experimental factors were considered: 1) method of application of microorganism and 2) frequency of treatments. The efficacy of treatments was assessed basing on the number of runners and green material mass of selected plants. The best result was obtained after dipping roots of strawberry cuttings in suspension prior to planting, and then by numerous foliage applications of the microorganism during the vegetation season.
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