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Introduction. Lyme disease (Lyme borreliosis, LB) is a systemic tick-borne disease. Its symptoms include dermatological changes and systemic manifestations such as musculoskeletal, neurologic, and cardiac. The etiologic agent of LB is a spirochete known as Borrelia burgdorferi (B.b.) with rodents and small mammals as its animal reservoir. In Poland, there are approximately 9–10 cases of the disease per 100,000 inhabitants each year. Objective. Analyis of the incidence of Lyme borreliosis and the clinical picture of the disease among foresters. Material and methods. The research material consisted of data collected in a diagnostic survey conducted by use of a survey questionnaire method. The study involved 100 randomly selected workers of the forest inspectorate in Podkarpackie Voivodeship. Group I consisted of men between 30–45 years old with an average length of service of 14 years (48%); group II consisted of men between 45–55 years old with an average length of service of 24 years (52%). Results. Only 25% of the foresters from the first group, younger in age and with shorter service, had never been bitten by a tick, while 60% were bitten once, and 15% had been repeatedly bitten. In the second group, older in age and with longer service, only 3% had never been bitten by a tick, 35% were bitten once, while 62% had been repeatedly bitten. LB was diagnosed in 30% of the research participants from the first group and in 45% from the second group. Most frequently, LB was diagnosed as a result of the presence of erythema migrans (55%), ELISA test (20%), and Western Blot test (22%). The most frequent symptoms among the participants were: erythema migrans (45%), fever and shivers (35%), muscle pain and cramps (15%), other symptoms (5%). Permanent presence of symptoms was reported by 70% of the participants, 25% experienced symptoms periodically, and 5% only sporadically. Conclusions. LB occurs more frequently among foresters older in age and with longer service (45%); in the younger group – 30%. Despite knowledge on preventive methods, there is no effective preventive method for this disease.
The influence of irradiance on phenolics contents and rooting of Ilex paraguariensis cuttings was studied. Results of the first experiment with stock plants under controlled-irradiance conditions show that when the irradiance level increased from 1.5 to 100 % PPFD, the oxidation of cuttings raised from 19 ± 11 to 88 ± 4 % (r² = 0.64). At the same time, a strong correlation was observed between total phenolics content and irradiance (r² = 0.7). In consequence, adventitious rooting diminished from 67 ± 5 to 3 ± 3 % under full radiation (r² = 0.7). In the second experiment with stock plants subjected to field conditions, the results showed that the rooting process is strongly affected by the genotype (P < 0.0001), while the statistical analysis did not show a correlation between rooting and age of the donor plant. Season had a variable effect and depends on genotype. Although we did not find correlations between the rooting ability and the canopy structure of the stock plants, the position of the branches in the mother plant affected rooting and depended on season in addition to genotype. Concomitantly, the levels of soluble phenolics compounds were higher from leaves subjected to high-irradiance conditions than samples collected from inner canopy; which was coincident with the pattern of cuttings oxidation. In conclusion, our results provide evidences which support the hypothesis that the physiological status of the stock plant at the time that cuttings are excised is of utmost importance for the subsequent rooting of I. paraguariensis cuttings. The influence on soluble phenolics content of different irradiances given to the stock plants negatively affect the rooting process since the product of its oxidation cause the browning and death of the cuttings.
The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of Strontium Ranelate (RS) on the mineral density and mechanical properties of the femur in male Wistar rats during experimental osteopenia induced by bilateral gonadectomy. After adaptation, the rats were randomly divided and subjected to sham-operations (SHO) (n = 10) and bilateral orchidectomy (ORX) (n = 20). ORX rats were subsequently divided into the control group (ORX/K) and experimental group treated with RS (ORX/RS), administered by gavage, at a dose of 900 mg/kg b.w. The experiment lasted 60 days and then the animals were killed, blood collected, and femora isolated. Femora were analyzed using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) to determine volumetric bone mineral density of the cortical part of the shaft of the column (Ct.vBMD), endoosteal and periosteal circumferences, cortical thickness (Ct.Th) and Strength Strain Index (SSI). Measurements were performed on 50% of bone length. The bones were tested using the three-point bending test to estimate ultimate strength and resilience. The activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and concentrations of Ca and P in the blood serum were estimated. The obtained results indicated that the use of strontium ranelate in orchidectomized rats over a period of 60 days not only inhibited the reabsorbing processes induced by a lack of gonad steroids but also accelerated processes of new bone tissue formation, which improved their mechanical parameters and ultimate strength and maximum elasticity.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of α-ketoglutarate (AKG), at pH 2 or 5, combined with vitamin B₆ (AKG 2B, AKG 5B) or C (AKG 2C, AKG 5C), on the performance and haemoglobin and amino acid levels in growing rats. Eighty rats were divided into 5 treatment groups and stayed on trial for 9 d (n=16) or 18 d (n=10). No significant differences in average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), or feed efficiency were seen between the dextrose-treated control group and the AKG treated groups. The highest ADG and ADFI were seen in the AKG 2B rats. The AKG 2B and AKG 2C treated rats had the highest Hb levels. The Hb levels were positively correlated with a better performance. The free glutamine (Glu) increased over time in all the groups. The arginine (Arg) levels significantly increased in the AKG 2B and AKG 5B groups. An increase in free Glu had a positive impact on the growth performance.
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The rising number of patients with liver dysfunction due to overwhelming usage of drugs and alcohol has paved the path for researchers in an interest in herbal medicine. This is because there are only a few universally effective and available options for the treatment of common liver diseases, such as cirrhosis, fatty liver and chronic hepatitis. Herbal treatment has been used to alleviate disorders related to liver and other internal organs for many centuries in the eastern world, and have currently become a favourable therapy internationally for pathological liver conditions. In recent years, researchers have used scientific methods to evaluate the effects of plants for the treatment of liver ailments, although in many cases the mechanisms and modes of action of these plants, as well as their therapeutic effectiveness, have not been confirmed. Several hundred plants have been examined to-date, but only a handful has been studied thoroughly. Among these, the current study discusses a compilation of herbal medicines used for liver protection, such as Silymarin (milk thistle), Liv-52, Camellia sinensis (green tea), Glycyrrhizaglabra (licorice) and FuzhengHuayu. The increasing use of herbal medicines reflects their perceived effectiveness in the treatment and prevention of disease, and the belief that these treatments are safe because they are ‘natural’. The presented study evaluates the effects of herbal extracts in the treatment of liver diseases, provides a general understanding of the actions of herbal medicines, a background for understanding the hepatoprotectiveness of herbs, and the challenges that are faced by the scientific community in researching thoroughly of each and every compounds of the herbs.
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