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Large parts of South Africa are natural protected areas. Since last years of 19th century there are traditions of natural environment protection, and established in 1926 Kruger National Park (Republic of South Africa) has been located among the most known national park in the World. Protected areas in South Africa are very often visited by tourists, including foreign tourists. Their visits play a major role in economy, so national parks and nature reserves administration give a special attention to tourist infrastructure. The problems of tourist infrastructure have been analyzed in three protected areas in South Africa. These areas are highly differentiated by size, variety of natural resources, dimension of tourist movement as well as their legal status. The results show that the main factors affecting the development of form of tourist infrastructure in protected areas is accessibility (Kruger National Park), legal status (Phinda Game Reserve) and the size of area (Mlilwane Wilderness Reserve) beyond a variety of natural resources.
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Nowe formy turystyki miejskiej

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Przedstawiono charakterystykę wybranych form turystyki miejskiej (handlowa, gastronomiczna, rozrywkowa kongresowa, kulturalna, sportowa) w przekroju międzynarodowym. Funkcje turystyczne miast nie mają wyłącznie charakteru egzogenicznego, a w społeczeństwie konsumpcyjnym rośnie ich wymiar endogeniczny w związku z potrzebą obsługi mieszkańców tych miast, poszukujących blisko miejsca zamieszkania możliwości spędzania czasu wolnego. Wymaga to zmian w kształtowaniu polityki miejskiej w zakresie turystyki i wypoczynku, polityki uwzględniającej potrzeby nie tylko przyjeżdżających, ale także stałych mieszkańców.
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The notion of regionalization should be understood as denoting the process of determination of boundaries of administrative regions of a country and vesting the regional authorities with respective competences. In the countries of Western Europe the policy of regionalization started to be conducted already in the '60s, as the response to the appearance of the so called regional question. In the subsequent years active regional policy was initiated first of all in France, Italy and Spain, as well as in The Netherlands. This policy found its reflection also in the activities of the Common Market bodies (presently - European Union), whose evidence can be seen in the adoption of the unified system of regional breakdown into the units called NUTS, as well as in the granting of broad support for the idea of the transboundary regions, frequently referred to as euroregions. After 1989 this experience of the countries of Western Europe in the conduct of regionalization policy started to inspire the politicians and experts dealing with the regional problems in Central and Eastern Europe. This can most distinctly be seen in Poland and in the Czech Republic. The reform of the local authority system which occurred in 1990 in Poland entailed liquidation of the second level of the self-governmental bodies. In this situation the government took in 1992 the decision of re-establishment of poviats (counties). Parallelly to the discussion concerning reappearance of poviats the question emerged of modification of the existing division of Poland into voivodships (provinces). Besides this, a number of transboundary regions were created.
One of the characteristics of the contemporary political geography is the broad scope of interest in the local settings. This fact results, in particular, from the tasks which are formulated for geography by the political institutions interested in the establishment of an efficient system of the administrative-spatial organization of the country, the electoral preferences, the grass-roots intiatives, etc. The need of conducting the micro-scale studies is connected with the wish of having a better representation of the spatial conditioning of the socio-political phenomena and of cognizing the mechanisms decisive for their development. In Polish conditions the optimum local setting worth consideration in the framework of political geography is constituted by the commune („gmina”), which can be considered in two perspectives: as the basic spatial unit of study in the analyses encompassing larger areas, or as a self-standing object of study. The results of research already conducted demonstrate that the output from the analyses in which the commune is treated as the basic spatial unit allows for a better recognition of the socio-economic, cultural and political structures and processes in their spatial aspect. The recent years brought a distinct increase of interest in the commune as the proper subject of geographical study. The most important research problems facing political geography include the study of economic (especially financial), as well as social policies of local authorities, the intercommunal cooperation (including that of international and transboundary nature), the political culture of the inhabitants and their electoral preferences, the social mobilization and local conflicts, the relations between the central administration and the local authorities, as well as the optimum size and territorial organization of the commune.
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