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Sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) is one of the most important fruit crops in Poland. There are many varieties cultivated in orchards, but only a few of them play an important role in commercial production. These few varieties have been the object of numerous studies focused on practical aspects like growth performance, yielding, or resistance to diseases. Recently more belowground research has been carried out in pomological plants using the minirhizotron research allowing to observe roots in short and long term experiments. There have been very few studies concerning root growth dynamics of sour cherry cultivars. Here we studied the influence of four major factors on root growth: the cultivar, root diameter, soil depth, and season on the survivorship of fine roots. We used the minirhizotron technique (MR) to examine fine roots dynamics of four sour cherry cultivars grafted on the Mahaleb rootstock, grown in an experimental orchard in Central Poland. The results revealed that the greatest impact on root survivorship was exerted by root diameter, depth of root formation and the season, whereas cultivars had no obvious influence. The finest roots (with a diameter <0.2 mm) and roots formed at a depth of down to 10 cm below the soil surface had the shortest survivorship. On the other hand, thicker roots (>0.75mm) and roots formed at a depth of more than 50 cm below the soil surface have the longest survivorship. The season of root growth has little impact on root survivorship, but has a big influence on the number of the roots formed. There is no impact of the cultivar on the differences in observed roots survivorship.
Bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas are often components of bioproducts designed to enhance the condition of the soil and plants. The use of Pseudomonas bacteria in bioproducts must be preceded by the acquisition, characterization and selection of beneficial strainsliving in the soil. A prerequisite for the selection of bacterial strains for use in bioproducts is to be able to identify the isolates rapidly and accurately. To identify and differentiate 15 bacterial isolates obtained from the soil surrounding the roots of sour cherry trees and to assess their genetic similarity, the rep-PCR technique and restriction analysis of the 16S rRNA gene and the 16S-ITS-23S rRNA operon were used. In addition, a sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene was performed. The analyses made it possible to divide the isolates into four clusters and to confirm their affiliation with the Pseudomonas species. RFLP analysis of the 16S-ITS-23S rRNA operon enabled greater differentiation of the isolates than RFLP of the 16S rRNA gene. The greatest differentiation of isolates within the clusters was obtained after using the rep-PCR technique. However, none of the techniques was able to discriminate all the isolates, which indicates very high genetic similarity of the Pseudomonas isolates found in the same sample of soil from around the roots of sour cherry trees. The tests performed will find application for distinguishing and identifying Pseudomonas strains collected from the soil in order to select the most valuable bacterial strains that produce beneficial effects on plants.
In Poland in the year 2010, 518 527 hectares of agricultural land were managed organically. This study attempts to estimate the total non-monetary value of Polish organic production as a sum of its non-monetary external benefits and the external costs which were offset by the transition from conventional to organic production. The external costs of Polish conventional agriculture were also calculated and a comparison with existing available data from Germany, the UK and the USA was made.
The study was conducted in the Pomological Orchard and a greenhouse complex of the Research Institute of Horticulture in Skierniewice (RIH) in 2006-2008. Its aim was to identify arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) present in the trap cultures con­taining rhizosphere soil and to determine mycorrhizal frequency (colonization) of AMF in the roots of apple trees 'Gold Milenium' and blackcurrant bushes 'Tiben'. The apple trees and blackcurrant bushes were mulched (with a peat substrate, bark, sawdust, manure, compost, or straw) and inoculated (the AMF inoculum was pro­duced by MYKOFLOR). Samples of the soil and roots were collected from under the apple trees and blackcurrant bushes in experimental combinations and in the control. In order to iden­tify the spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, trap cultures (with rhizosphere soil and sand) were set up with plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.). The spores were iso­lated from the trap cultures and microscopic specimens were prepared to identify the species of AMF, which were distinguished on the basis of their morphological fea­tures. Mycorrhizal frequency was determined in the specimens of apple and blackcur­rant roots dyed with aniline blue. Vol. 19(1)2011: 35-49 In total, eight species of AMF were identified in the trap cultures established with the soil samples taken from the root zone (containing rhizosphere soil) of apple trees 'Gold Milenium' and blackcurrant bushes 'Tiben': Glomus aggregatum, G. caledonium, G. claroideum G. constrictum, G. intraradices, G. macrocarpum, G. mosseae and Gigaspora margarita. In the trap cultures with the rhizosphere soil ofapple, the greatest number of species was found in the combinations with manure and the mycorrhizal inoculum (5 species), and compost (4 species). In the case of black­currant, the use of the mycorrhizal substrate and straw resulted in the largest number of AMF species (5 and 4, respectively). In the 2008 season, the highest mycorrhizal frequency in apple was obtained in the mycorrhized roots (44.4%), lower in the combinations with compost, sawdust, manure, bark, straw, and peat, and the lowest in the roots of NPK control plants (5.56%). The highest mycorrhizal frequency in the roots of blackcurrant bushes cv. 'Tiben' was recorded following the application of the mycorrhizal inoculum (12.22%), lower in the combinations with sawdust, compost, straw, peat, manure, and bark, and the lowest in the NPK control (1.67%).
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of various biopreparations on the growth of the apple root system, the number of spores of AMF, the total number of bacteria and microscopic fungi in the rhizosphere soil, and the degree of mycorrhizal association in the roots of two apple tree cultivars. The experiment was established in the spring of 2009 in the Experimental Orchard of the Institute of Horticulture in Dąbrowice. The research objects were one-year-old maidens of the apple cultivars ‘Topaz’ and ‘Ariva’ grafted on M26 rootstock. The trees were treated with the following biopreparations: control, control NPK (standard NPK fertilization), manure, Micosat F + manure, Humus UP, Humus Active + Aktywit PM, BioFeed Amin + manure, BioFeed Quality + manure, Tytanit + manure, Vinassa + manure, Florovit Eko, and Florovit Pro Natura. Treatment of ‘Topaz’ and ‘Ariva’ apple trees with the biopreparations Micosat F, Humus UP, Humus Active + Aktywit PM, BioFeed Amin, Vinassa, Florovit Eko and Florovit Pro Natura produced positive effects on the growth of apple roots and their mycorrhizal frequency, and the size of the populations of microorganisms in the rhizosphere soil.
An experiment was carried out in a greenhouse of the Research Institute of Horticulture (RIH) to evaluate the effect of new organic fertilizers and amendments on root growth and mycorrhizal abundance and species richness in the rhizosphere of strawberry plants cv. 'Elsanta'. The plants were grown in rhizoboxes (sized 37 cm x 1.8 cm x 20 cm), filled with 1.85 kg of a podsolic soil collected from an uncultivated field of an experimental organic orchard of the RIH. The soil characteristics were: pH 5.5, organic matter content 1.5%, P content 51 mg P kg-1, K content 158 mg K kg- 1 . The plants were treated with different organic fertilizers and amendments: dry granulated bovine manure (Doktor O'grodnik), extract of vermicompost (Humus UP), extract of humates (Humus Active + Aktywit PM), plant extract (BioFeed Amin), extract from several seaweed species reinforced with humic and fulvic acids (BioFeed Quality), a consortium of beneficial soil organisms (Micosat), a stillage from yeast production (Vinassa) and a solution of titanium (Tytanit). Plants treated with BioFeed Amin, BioFeed Quality, Micosat, Vinassa and Tytanit received also half dose of dry manure. A standard NPK fertilization (NPK control) and a not fertilized control were also included. The following parameters were measured: root growth and morpho­logical parameters, number of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) spores, mycorrhizal frequency of AMF in the roots. The chemical composition of the applied products and of soil were also determined.
The aim of this study was to assess the growth and development of plants of three strawberry cultivars fertilized with selected biofertilizers under greenhouse conditions. The experiments were conducted in a greenhouse complex of the Research Institute of Horticulture in Skierniewice from February to July in 2013 and 2014. Plants of three strawberry cultivars, ‘Elsanta’, ‘Honeoye’ and ‘Elkat’, were planted in rhizoboxes and grown under the following fertilization regimes: 0-control (no fertilization), NPK control, Micosat F (bacterial-mycorrhizal substrate), manure, Humus UP, and Vinassa. Applications of Humus UP resulted in beneficial effects on plant height, leaf surface area, leaf fresh and dry weight, the degree of mycorrhizal colonization in the roots, and on the num-ber of spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the rhizosphere of strawberry plants. Biopreparations Humus UP and Vinassa also had a positive influence on the size of the root system, the total number of bacteria, including spore-forming bacteria, and the total number of filamentous fungi in the rhizosphere soil, compared with mineral NPK fertilization under greenhouse conditions.
In this study, the rep-PCR technique was used to differentiate isolates of bacteria belonging to genus Pseudomonas and phosphate-dissolving bacteria collected from the root vicinity of apple and sour cherry trees. DNA amplification was carried out with complementary primers for repetitive sequences: REP (repetitive extragenic palindromic sequence), ERIC (enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus) and the BOX element. The most differentiated DNA profiles were observed when using REP1R-I and REP2-I primers, in reactions with which 25 different DNA patterns were obtained for 28 isolates. In reactions with the primers ERIC1R and ERIC2 or BOXA1R, 24 and 22 patterns were obtained, respectively. Following the use of all the primers, no differences were found in the DNA profiles of two isolates of Pseudomo­nas bacteria and three isolates of phosphate-dissolving bacteria. This result suggests that the isolates in which no DNA polymorphism was observed belong to the same bacterial strain.
The aim of the study was to evaluate selected bioproducts in terms of their effects on tree growth and the presence of mycorrhizal fungi in the roots of trees of two apple cultivars, ‘Topaz’ and ‘Ariwa’, grown under greenhouse conditions. The trees were planted in rhizoboxes and grown under the following fertilization regimes: 0 – control, NPK control, manure, Micosat F, Humus UP, Humus Active + Aktywit PM, BF Amin, BF Quality, Tytanit and Vinassa. The results showed that the biostimulants: Humus UP, Humus Active and Aktywit PM produce beneficial effects on the morphological characteristics of the root system, and Micosat F on the extent of mycorrhiza formation in the roots. The bioproducts used are a safe, effective and economically viable method of fertilizing plants, limiting the use of chemical means of production and thus helping to protect the environment.
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