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Herbivorous slugs do significant damage to many species of crop plants. A laboratory study was conducted to determine the rate and extent of damage caused to 16 plant species by Arion vulgaris, Arion rufus, and Deroceras reticulatum. It was found, that levels of damage caused to young plants of Brassica napus, Sorghum bicolor, Vicia faba, and Sinapis alba by the slugs A. vulgaris, A. rufus, and D. reticulatum were similar, while levels of damage caused to the other studied plants by particular slug species differed significantly. Based on the results of the damage by the investigated slug species, plants were categorised as heavily or lightly damaged.
Winter rape is susceptible to damage caused by D. reticulatum (O. F. Müller) mainly in the early phases of the plants’ development. The degree of damage and the size of yield losses depend on the slug population and the grazing activity, which are governed by many environmental factors. Laboratory studies were performed to analyse the rate and amount of damage to rape plants (2–3 leaf stage) caused by D. reticulatum, and the effect of temperature and soil humidity on the slug’s grazing activity. With increasing air temperature (up to 16°C) the amount of damage increased, but the effect was not lasting. The slugs were also active at low temperatures (+1°C), and although their grazing was less intense, the amount of damage after seven days could reach an average of 34%. In laboratory tests, the soil humidity had no marked effect on the amount of damage done by the slugs.
In the laboratory conditions, the research was carried out on the rate and size of damage to fifteen plant species in small-area crops caused by the Arion lusitanicus slug. Three legumes cultivars of Lupinus angustifolius (Regent, Mirela, Sonet), Lupinus luteus (Parys, Mister, Dukat) and Vicia faba (Bobas, Granit, Olga) were tested. It was shown that the following species Ornithopus sativus, Papaver somniferum, V .sativa, Cichorium intybus and L. luteus with the cultivaras Dukat and Parys were most damaged by the slugs, while the least damaged plant species were Pisum sativum, P. sativum subsp. arvense, V. faba – cultivar Olga and L. Angustifolius – cultivar Mirela. The blue lupine cultivar Mirela due to a high content of alkaloids was less damaged by A. lusitanicus. The obtained results revealed that the secondary plant metabolites, such as glucosinolates, and terpenoids inhibited feeding by the slugs and as a consequence, reduced the damage to the tested crops.
In Poland 30 species of invasive mollusks were found; 11 of aquatic snails, 9 of land snails and 10 of land slugs. The most important in plant production are the following slug species: Arion lusitanicus, A. rufus and A. distinctus. These pests quickly spread throughout the country, create huge populations and often cause significant losses in yielding of vegetables, some agricultural crops (especially winter rape and winter wheat), ornamental, fruit and herbal plants.
In 2010–2011 tests were carried out under laboratory conditions on the effectiveness of Nemaslug, applied in three doses, to reduce the damage done to plants of winter rape and Chinese cabbage (at the 4–5 leaf stage) by the slug Deroceras reticulatum. The aim of the research was to evaluate the usefulness of various doses of the nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita in reducing the number of D. reticulatum in populations in Poland. Observations were done 24 hours after the application of the nematodes, and then consecutively every two days for the period of two-and-a-half weeks. The survival of the slugs were determined, as well as the rate and quantity of plant damage caused by them. The results of the tests showed that the applied doses of the nematode P. hermaphrodita were effective against D. reticulatum. Nine days after the application of the biocontrol agent, there was a significant reduction in damage to the rape and cabbage plants, and after 9–15 days a large proportion of the slugs died. The results suggest that all of the tested doses of the nematode may potentially be useful in controlling D. reticulatum on horticultural and agricultural crops. However, due to particular humidity and temperature requirements of P. hermaphrodita, it is necessary to carry out detailed work to determine the conditions for its application.
The effect of seven morpholinium ionic liquids on the survival of Arion lusitanicus and A. rufus and damage to plants by those slugs. The pests was studied under laboratory conditions. It was found that these compounds were not lethal to the slugs. The slugs showed a different reaction to the compounds tested. The compounds [BMmorph][HSO4] and [C10OMmorph][Mig] reduced the plant damage caused by both slug species, whereas [BMmorph][MEEAc] stimulated grazing by A. lusitanicus. The compounds [BMmorph][MBT] and [DEmorph][H2PO4] reduced grazing by A. lusitanicus and stimulated grazing by A. rufus. The action of the tested morpholinium ionic liquids was of short duration. Therefore further research are needed to improve their durability of action.
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